{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T10:08:06Z","timestamp":1777975686559,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province","award":["19KJB210003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19KJB210003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project for Overseas Students in Nanjing","award":["013040106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["013040106"]}]},{"name":"Natural and Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["No. BK20190541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20190541"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports the nondestructive detection of apple varieties using a multichannel hyperspectral imaging system consisting of an illumination fiber and 30 detection fibers arranged at source\u2013detector distances of 1.5\u201336 mm over the spectral range of 550\u20131650 nm. Spatially resolved (SR) spectra were obtained for 1500 apples, 500 each of three varieties from the same orchard to avoid environmental and geographical influences. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) models were developed for single SR spectra and spectral combinations to compare their performance of variety detection. To evaluate the effect of spectral range on variety detection, three types of spectra (i.e., visible region: 550\u2013780 nm, near-infrared region: 780\u20131650 nm, full region: 550\u20131650 nm) were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the single SR spectra presented a different accuracy for apple variety classification, and the optimal SR spectra varied with spectral types. Spectral combinations had better accuracies for variety detection with best overall classifications of 99.4% for both spectral ranges in the NIR and full regions; however, the spectral combination could not improve the results over the optimal single SR spectra in the visible region. Moreover, the recognition of golden delicious (GD) was better than those of the other two varieties, with the best classification accuracy of 100% for three types of spectra. Overall, the multichannel hyperspectral imaging system provides more spatial-spectral information for the apples, and the results demonstrate that the technique gave excellent classifications, which suggests that the multichannel hyperspectral imaging system has potential for apple variety detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T09:03:48Z","timestamp":1599555828000},"page":"5120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Identification of Apple Varieties Using a Multichannel Hyperspectral Imaging System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yuping","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.13031\/trans.12431","article-title":"Non-Destructive Defect Detection of Apples by Spectroscopic and Imaging Technologies: A Review","volume":"60","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. 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