{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1777415131733,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EGP2 492051-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EGP2 492051-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRDPJ 514369-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 514369-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MEDTEQ","award":["8-A_Contactless_ECG_V2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8-A_Contactless_ECG_V2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional capacitive electrocardiogram (cECG) electrodes suffer from limited patient comfort, difficulty of disinfection and low signal-to-noise ratio in addition to the challenge of integrating them in wearables. A novel hybrid flexible cECG electrode was developed that offers high versatility in the integration method, is well suited for large-scale manufacturing, is easy to disinfect in clinical settings and exhibits better performance over a comparable rigid contactless electrode. The novel flexible electrode meets the frequency requirement for clinically important QRS complex detection (0.67\u20135 Hz) and its performance is improved over rigid contactless electrode across all measured metrics as it maintains lower cut-off frequency, higher source capacitance and higher pass-band gain when characterized over a wide spectrum of patient morphologies. The results presented in this article suggest that the novel flexible electrode could be used in a medical device for cECG acquisition and medical diagnosis. The novel design proves also to be less sensitive to motion than a reference rigid electrode. We therefore anticipate it can represent an important step towards improving the repeatability of cECG methods while requiring less post-processing. This would help making cECG a viable method for remote cardiac health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T09:10:09Z","timestamp":1599729009000},"page":"5156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Contactless Capacitive Electrocardiography Using Hybrid Flexible Printed Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Lessard-Tremblay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIG.NUM Preemptive Healthcare, Inc., Montr\u00e9al, QC H3K 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3G 1M8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9484-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghyslain","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Zednik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.01.024","article-title":"Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: Part I: The electrocardiogram and its technology a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology","volume":"49","author":"Kligfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Manuals, S.H.C. (2020, February 22). Electrocardiogram Procedure. Available online: http:\/\/shs-manual.ucsc.edu\/policy\/electrocardiogram-procedure."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcelus, A., Sardar, M., and Mihailidis, A. (2013, January 6\u20139). Design of a capacitive ECG sensor for unobtrusive heart rate measurements. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2013.6555449"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portelli, A.J., and Nasuto, S.J. (2017). Design and Development of Non-Contact Bio-Potential Electrodes for Pervasive Health Monitoring Applications. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7010002"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/8\/1277","article-title":"A capacitive electrode with fast recovery feature","volume":"33","author":"Spinelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Jain, D.B., Weeks, J., Nadezhdin, D., and Asselin, J.-F. (2018). Contactless Electric Cardiogram System. (US10052042B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yapici, M.K., and Alkhidir, T.E. (2017). Intelligent Medical Garments with Graphene-Functionalized Smart-Cloth ECG Sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040875"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Watford, C. (2020, February 22). Understanding ECG Filtering. Available online: http:\/\/ems12lead.com\/2014\/03\/10\/understanding-ecg-filtering\/#gref."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonhardt, S., and Aleksandrowicz, A. (2008, January 1\u20133). Non-contact ECG monitoring for automotive application. Proceedings of the 2008 5th International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSMDBS.2008.4575048"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, M., Choi, M., Lee, J.S., and Kim, S.W. (2018). Adaptive Noise Reduction Algorithm to Improve R Peak Detection in ECG Measured by Capacitive ECG Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072086"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14732","DOI":"10.3390\/s140814732","article-title":"Flexible capacitive electrodes for minimizing motion artifacts in ambulatory electrocardiograms","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-010-0597-y","article-title":"Thin and flexible active electrodes with shield for capacitive electrocardiogram measurement","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbert, R., Kim, J.H., Kim, Y.S., Lee, H.M., and Yeo, W.H. (2018). Soft material-enabled, flexible hybrid electronics for medicine, healthcare, and human-machine interfaces. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020187"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poliks, M., Turner, J., Ghose, K., Jin, Z., Garg, M., Gui, Q., Arias, A., Kahn, Y., Schadt, M., and Egitto, F. (June, January 31). A wearable flexible hybrid electronics ECG monitor. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTC.2016.395"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(66)90599-0","article-title":"The low-frequency response of electrocardiographs, a frequent source of recording errors","volume":"71","author":"Berson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(82)90524-5","article-title":"Frequency response characteristics of ambulatory ECG monitoring systems and their implications for ST segment analysis","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:08:35Z","timestamp":1760177315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]}}}