{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:34:32Z","timestamp":1783787672363,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.61672159, No.61872091, No.U18042631, No.61702105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61672159, No.61872091, No.U18042631, No.61702105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Science Foundation of the Fujian Province, China","award":["No.2018J01793, No.2018J01800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2018J01793, No.2018J01800"]}]},{"name":"The Foundation of the Education Department of Fujian Province, China","award":["No.JAT190025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.JAT190025"]}]},{"name":"Industry-Academy Cooperation Project under Grant","award":["No.2018H6010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2018H6010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diverse and wide-range applications of integrated circuits (ICs) and the development of Cyber Physical System (CPS), more and more third-party manufacturers are involved in the manufacturing of ICs. Unfortunately, like software, hardware can also be subjected to malicious attacks. Untrusted outsourced manufacturing tools and intellectual property (IP) cores may bring enormous risks from highly integrated. Attributed to this manufacturing model, the malicious circuits (known as Hardware Trojans, HTs) can be implanted during the most designing and manufacturing stages of the ICs, causing a change of functionality, leakage of information, even a denial of services (DoS), and so on. In this paper, a survey of HTs is presented, which shows the threatens of chips, and the state-of-the-art preventing and detecting techniques. Starting from the introduction of HT structures, the recent researches in the academic community about HTs is compiled and comprehensive classification of HTs is proposed. The state-of-the-art HT protection techniques with their advantages and disadvantages are further analyzed. Finally, the development trends in hardware security are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T09:10:09Z","timestamp":1599729009000},"page":"5165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Hardware Trojans in Chips: A Survey for Detection and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining &amp; Information Sharing, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Information Security of Network Systems (Fujian Provincial), Fuzhou 350116, Fujian Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3013-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining &amp; Information Sharing, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Information Security of Network Systems (Fujian Provincial), Fuzhou 350116, Fujian Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4238-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining &amp; Information Sharing, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Information Security of Network Systems (Fujian Provincial), Fuzhou 350116, Fujian Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining &amp; Information Sharing, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guorong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining &amp; Information Sharing, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7408-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining &amp; Information Sharing, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2016.1246385","article-title":"A Review on HT Attacks in PLD and ASIC Designs with Potential Defence Solutions","volume":"35","author":"Sumathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nandhini, S.K., Vallinayagam, S., Harshitha, H., Azad, V.A.C.S., and Mohankumar, N. (2017, January 15\u201317). Delay-Based Reference Free Hardware Trojan Detection Using Virtual Intelligence. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications (INDIA), Da Nang, Vietnam."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, D., Baktir, S., Karakoyunlu, D., Rohatgi, P., and Sunar, B. (2007, January 20\u201323). Trojan detection using IC fingerprinting. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201907), Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.36"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bokhari, M., Agrawal, N., and Saini, D. (2018). Hardware Trojans: An AustereMenace Ahead. Cyber Security, Springer Nature Singapore Pte, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhunia, S., and Tehranipoor, M.M. (2018). Introduction to Hardware Trojans. The Hardware Trojan War, Springer International Publishing AG, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68511-3"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Reece, T. (2014). Assessing and Detecting Malicious Hardware in Integrated Circuits. [Ph.D. Thesis, Vanderbilt University]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.299","article-title":"Trustworthy Hardware: Identifying and Classifying Hardware Trojans","volume":"43","author":"Karri","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2887268","article-title":"Defeating Untrustworthy Testing Parties: A Novel Hybrid Clustering Ensemble Based Golden Models-Free Hardware Trojan Detection Method","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.W., Wei, Y.H., Zhang, Y., and Wang, X.H. (2017, January 26\u201328). Research on Detection Technology and Protection of Hardware Trojan. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Technology (CST 2017), Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.12783\/dtcse\/cst2017\/12538"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2015.7024511","article-title":"The Trojan-proof chip","volume":"52","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, S. (2017, January 27\u201331). Inspiring Trust in Outsourced Integrated Circuit Fabrication. Proceedings of the 20th Conference and Exhibition on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2017.7927158"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2686853","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Game: A Prospect-Theoretic Approach","volume":"66","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26266","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2971574","article-title":"A Survey of Swarm Intelligence Techniques in VLSI Routing Problems","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68593","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986138","article-title":"A Survey on Steiner Tree Construction and Global Routing for VLSI Design","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-015-0850-4","article-title":"MLXR: Multi-layer obstacle-avoiding X-architecture Steiner tree construction for VLSI routing","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2856033","article-title":"FH-OAOS: A Fast Four-Step Heuristic for Obstacle-Avoiding Octilinear Steiner Tree Construction","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2699862","article-title":"Obstacle-Avoiding Algorithm in X-Architecture Based on Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization for VLSI Design","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"989","article-title":"Multilayer Obstacle-Avoiding X-Architecture Steiner Minimal Tree Construction Based on Particle Swarm Optimization","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Guo, W.Z., and Chen, G.L. (2015, January 2\u20134). Fast Obstacle-Avoiding Octilinear Steiner Minimal Tree Construction Algorithm for VLSI Design. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED.2015.7085396"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Liu, G.G., Guo, W.Z., and Chen, G.L. (2013, January 23\u201325). Obstacle-Avoiding Octagonal Steiner Tree Construction Based on Particle Swarm Optimization. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC), Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2013.6818035"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2019.10.027","article-title":"PORA: A Physarum-inspired obstacle-avoiding routing algorithm for integrated circuit design","volume":"78","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-016-0233-0","article-title":"Low-cost design of stealthy hardware trojan for bit-level fault attacks on block ciphers","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Kong, S., Hong, B., Xu, L., Shi, W.D., and Suh, T. (2017, January 27\u201331). Evaluating Coherence-exploiting Hardware Trojan. Proceedings of the 20th Conference and Exhibition on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2017.7926975"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2013.2247460","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Insertion by Direct Modification of FPGA Configuration Bitstream","volume":"30","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shila, D.M., and Venugopal, V. (2014, January 10\u201314). Design, Implementation and Security Analysis of Hardware Trojan Threats in FPGA. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883404"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2016.01.004","article-title":"A Survey of Hardware Trojan Threat and Defense","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. VLSI J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Cai, Y., and Zhou, Q. (2018, January 22\u201325). HLIFT: A High-level Information Flow Tracking Method for Detecting Hardware Trojans. Proceedings of the 23rd Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2018.8297408"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kang, B.B., and Kim, T. (2018). Glitch Recall: A Hardware TrojanExploiting Natural Glitches in LogicCircuits. International Workshop on Information Security Applications, Springer International Publishing AG, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern, N., San, I., and Cheng, K.T. (2017, January 16\u201319). Detecting Hardware Trojans in Unspecified Functionality Through Solving Satisfiability Problems. Proceedings of the 22nd Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2017.7858389"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malekpour, A., Ragelt, R., Ignjatovic, A., and Parameswaran, S. (2017, January 10\u201312). DoSGuard: Protecting Pipelined MPSoCs Against Hardware Trojan Based DoS Attacks. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASAP.2017.7995258"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2016.12.013","article-title":"Self-triggering Hardware Trojan: Due to NBTI related aging in 3-D ICs","volume":"58","author":"Mossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. VLSI J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.G., Cai, Y.C., Zhou, Q., and Wang, H.Y. (2018, January 22\u201325). ASAX: Automatic Security Assertion Extraction for Detecting Hardware Trojans. Proceedings of the 23rd Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2018.8297287"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-016-0132-7","article-title":"Interdiction in practice-Hardware Trojan against a high-security USB flash drive","volume":"7","author":"Swierczynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cryptogr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.06.014","article-title":"Mitigation of Hardware Trojan based Denial-of-Service attack for secure NoCs","volume":"111","author":"Boraten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2638439","article-title":"Hiding Hardware Trojan Communication Channels in Partially Specified SoC Bus Functionality","volume":"36","author":"Fern","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2016.2633348","article-title":"Silicon Demonstration of Hardware Trojan Design and Detection in Wireless Cryptographic ICs","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.03.009","article-title":"Hardware trojans in 3-D ICs due to NBTI effects and countermeasure","volume":"59","author":"Mossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. VLSI J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.04.003","article-title":"Hardware Trojans against virtual keyboards on e-banking platforms\u2014A proof of concept","volume":"76","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudra, M.R., Daniel, N.A., Nagoorkar, V., and Hoe, D.H.K. (2014, January 1\u20135). Designing Stealthy Trojans with Sequential Logic: A Stream Cipher Case Study. Proceedings of the 51st ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2593069.2596677"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2016.2585046","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection in Behavioral Intellectual Properties (IP\u2019s) Using Property Checking Techniques","volume":"5","author":"Veeranna","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2017.09.001","article-title":"On the effects of ring oscillator length and hardware Trojan size on an FPGA-based implementation of AES","volume":"54","author":"Pirpilidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2597232","article-title":"TL-HLS: Methodology for Low Cost Hardware Trojan Security Aware Scheduling With Optimal Loop Unrolling Factor During High Level Synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"87","article-title":"A defense mechanism against hardware Trojan insertion by third-party intellectual property (IP) design blocks in AES-based secured communication system","volume":"9","author":"Noor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.06.002","article-title":"Effective usage of redundancy to aid neutralization of hardware Trojans in Integrated Circuits","volume":"59","author":"Gunti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. VLSI J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2729340","article-title":"DRMaSV: Enhanced Capability Against Hardware Trojans in Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Architectures","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10796","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965016","article-title":"A Survey on Machine Learning Against Hardware Trojan Attacks: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-017-0024-z","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Analog and Mixed Signal (AMS) Integrated Circuit (IC) Security","volume":"2","author":"Alam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42:1","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan8030042","article-title":"Hardware Security in IoT Devices with Emphasis on Hardware Trojans","volume":"8","author":"Sidhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sens. Actuator Netw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719899374","article-title":"Hierarchically defining Internet of Things security: From CIA to CACA","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiyanovskii, Y., Wolff, F., Rajendran, A., Papachristou, C., Weyer, D., and Clay, W. (2010, January 15\u201318). Process reliability based trojans through NBTI and HCI effects. Proceedings of the 2010 NASA\/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AHS.2010.5546257"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boraten, T., and Kodi, A.K. (2016, January 23\u201327). Mitigation of Denial of Service Attack with Hardware Trojans in NoC Architectures. Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), Illinois Inst Technol, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2016.59"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"70","article-title":"Design and Detection of Hardware Trojan Based on Electromagnetic Leakage","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, G.R., Dong, C., Huang, X., Guo, X.Z., Liu, X.M., and Ho, T.Y. (2020, January 3\u20135). HTcatcher: Finite State Machine and Feature Verifcation for Large-scale Neuromorphic Computing Systems. Proceedings of the GLSVLSI 2020, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3386263.3406955"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Invisible Adversarial Attack against Deep Neural Networks: An Adaptive Penalization Approach","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23628","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896479","article-title":"A Multi-Layer Hardware Trojan Protection Framework for IoT Chips","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.Y., and Gong, W. (2011, January 2\u20135). Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observations based on Raman Lidar. Proceedings of the 4th International Photonics and Optoelectronics Meetings (POEM)\u2014Optoelectronic Sensing and Imaging, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.914769"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Zhang, J.Y., Tong, Y.L., Yang, X.L., Gong, J.L., and Gong, W. (2010, January 2\u20135). Detection of Atmospheric Composition Based on Lidar. Proceedings of the 3rd International Photonics and OptoElectronics Meetings, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2010.9","article-title":"Attacks and Defenses for JTAG","volume":"27","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Rajesh, J.S., Ancajas, D.M., Chakraborty, K., and Roy, S. (2015, January 28\u201330). Runtime Detection of a Bandwidth Denial Attack from a Rogue Network-on-Chip. Proceedings of the NOCS \u201915: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K.Y., Hicks, M., Dong, Q., Austin, T., and Sylvester, D. (2016, January 23\u201325). A2: Analog Malicious Hardware. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.10"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2002.808305","article-title":"Understanding MOSFET mismatch for analog design","volume":"38","author":"Drennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Hossain, F.S., Shintani, M., Inoue, M., and Orailoglu, A. (November, January 29). Variation-Aware Hardware Trojan Detection through Power Side-channel. Proceedings of the 49th IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Chang, C.-H., and Potkonjak, M. (2016). Hardware Trojan Detection in Analog\/RF Integrated Circuits. Secure System Design and Trustable Computing, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9880","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2932995","article-title":"Online Optimization of Wireless Powered Mobile-Edge Computing for Heterogeneous Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Data Age Aware Scheduling for Wireless Powered Mobile-Edge Computing in Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2900906","article-title":"Demonstrating and Mitigating the Risk of an FEC-Based Hardware Trojan in Wireless Networks","volume":"14","author":"Subramani","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2928960","article-title":"Securing a Wireless Network-on-Chip Against Jamming-Based Denial-of-Service and Eavesdropping Attacks","volume":"27","author":"Vashist","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Ibrahim, M., Chakrabarty, K., and Karri, R. (2019). Cyberphysical Microfluidic Biochips. Secure and Trustworthy Cyberphysical Microfluidic Biochips, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18163-5"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, C., Liu, L.Q., Liu, H.D., Guo, W.Z., Huang, X., Lian, S.H., and Ho, T.Y. (2020, January 25\u201326). A Survey of DMFBs Security: State-of-the-Art Attack and Defense. Proceedings of the 2020 21st International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED48828.2020.9137016"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2015.2509991","article-title":"Security Assessment of Cyberphysical Digital Microfluidic Biochips","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2013.2260338","article-title":"Real-Time Machine Vision FPGA Implementation for Microfluidic Monitoring on Lab-on-Chips","volume":"8","author":"Sotiropoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2012.0043","article-title":"Field-programmable lab-on-a-chip based on microelectrode dot array architecture","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.113","article-title":"Monolithic microfabricated valves and pumps by multilayer soft lithography","volume":"288","author":"Unger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z.S., Huang, X., Guo, W.Z., Li, B., Ho, T.Y., and Schlichtmann, U. (2019, January 25\u201329). Physical Synthesis of Flow-Based Microfluidic Biochips Considering Distributed Channel Storage. Proceedings of the 22nd Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2019.8715269"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2864612","article-title":"Multi-Dimensional Traffic Congestion Detection Based on Fusion of Visual Features and Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"20","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6571","article-title":"Dense small face detection based on regional cascade multi-scale method","volume":"13","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-020-01690-8","article-title":"Human attribute recognition method based on pose estimation and multiple-feature fusion","volume":"14","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B.H., Li, Z.D., and Ke, X. (2018, January 22\u201324). Human Pose Estimation Method Based on Flexible Model and Deep Learning. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering (CSAE), Hohhot, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3207677.3278035"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78991","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922679","article-title":"Pose-Guided Spatial Alignment and Key Frame Selection for One-Short Video-Based Person Re-Identification","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2859982","article-title":"Region-Aware Image Denoising by Exploring Parameter Preference","volume":"28","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-016-0782-6","article-title":"Evaluation of visual saliency analysis algorithms in noisy images","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"7","article-title":"A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Chip","volume":"56","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"656","article-title":"Intelligent chip and device technology for neuromorphic computing","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Nat. Sci. Found. China"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Hu, X., Li, S.C., Ye, J., Deng, L., Ji, Y., Xu, J.Y., Wu, D., and Xie, Y. (2019, January 25\u201329). Memory Trojan Attack on Neural Network Accelerators. Proceedings of the 22nd Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2019.8715027"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagarajan, K., Khan, M.N.I., and Ghosh, S. (2019, January 5\u201310). ENTT: A Family of Emerging NVM-based Trojan Triggers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), McLean, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2019.8740836"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hicks, M., Finnicum, M., King, S.T., Martin, M.M.K., and Smith, J.M. (2010, January 16\u201319). Overcoming an untrusted computing base: Detecting and removing malicious hardware automatically. Proceedings of the Symposium on Security and Privacy, Oakland, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2010.18"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2017.2766170","article-title":"Protection against hardware trojans with logic testing: Proposed solutions and challenges ahead","volume":"35","author":"Dupuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rad, R.M., Wang, X.X., Tehranipoor, M., and Plusquellic, J. (2008, January 9\u201313). Power supply signal calibration techniques for improving detection resolution to hardware trojans. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2008.4681643"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2010.7","article-title":"A Survey of Hardware Trojan Taxonomy and Detection","volume":"27","author":"Tehranipoor","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test Comput."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Wang, X., Tehranipoor, M., and Plusquellic, J. (2008, January 9). Detecting malicious inclusions in secure hardware: Challenges and solutions. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, R.S., Narasimhan, S., and Bhunia, S. (2009, January 4\u20136). Hardware Trojan: Threats and Emerging Solutions. Proceedings of the IEEE International High Level Design Validation and Test Workshop, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HLDVT.2009.5340158"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, F., Papachristou, C., Bhunia, S., and Chakraborty, R.S. (2008, January 10\u201314). Towards trojan-free trusted ICs: Problem analysis and detection scheme. Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 08), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/1403375.1403703"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2334493","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Attacks: Threat Analysis and Countermeasures","volume":"102","author":"Bhunia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2684940","article-title":"Hardware Vulnerabilities and Their Effects on CE Devices: Design for Security Against Trojans","volume":"6","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moein, S., Khan, S., Gulliver, T.A., Gebali, F., and El-Kharashi, M.W. (2015, January 23\u201324). An Attribute Based Classification of Hardware Trojans. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES.2015.7393074"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-017-0001-6","article-title":"Benchmarking of Hardware Trojans and Maliciously Affected Circuits","volume":"1","author":"Shakya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2008.4505310","article-title":"The hunt for the kill switch","volume":"45","author":"Adee","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Iqbal, A. (2013). Security Threats in Integrated Circuits. [Ph.D. Thesis, System Design & Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"6:1","article-title":"Hardware Trojans: Lessons Learned after One Decade of Research","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveying the Hardware Trojan Threat Landscape for the Internet-of-Things","volume":"7","author":"Venugopalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2335155","article-title":"A Primer on Hardware Security: Models, Methods, and Metrics","volume":"102","author":"Rostami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2010.2093547","article-title":"A Novel Technique for Improving Hardware Trojan Detection and Reducing Trojan Activation Time","volume":"20","author":"Salmani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Thambipillai, S., and Teo, J.K.J. (2014, January 12\u201317). A low cost acceleration method for hardware trojan detection based on fan-out cone analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Hardware\/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS), New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1145\/2656075.2656077"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2016.2627525","article-title":"An On-Chip Technique to Detect Hardware Trojans and Assist Counterfeit Identification","volume":"25","author":"Lecomte","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2422836","article-title":"VeriTrust: Verification for Hardware Trust","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2018.05.009","article-title":"Hardware Trojan detection by timing measurement: Theory and implementation","volume":"77","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courbon, F., Loubet-Moundi, P., Fournier, J.J.A., and Tria, A. (2015, January 9\u201313). A high efficiency Hardware Trojan detection technique based on fast SEM imaging. Proceedings of the Conference on Design Automation Test in Europe (DATE), Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.1104"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2018.61015","article-title":"A Customized Authentication Design for Traffic Hijacking Detection on Hardware-Trojan Infected NoCs","volume":"6","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2424929","article-title":"Temperature Tracking: Toward Robust Run-Time Detection of Hardware Trojans","volume":"34","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.11.003","article-title":"Runtime hardware Trojan monitors through modeling burst mode communication using formal verification","volume":"61","author":"Khalid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. VLSI J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2864246","article-title":"On-Chip Analog Trojan Detection Framework for Microprocessor Trustworthiness","volume":"38","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2488495","article-title":"Reverse engineering-based hardware trojan detection","volume":"35","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, M.F., Wang, J., and Hux, A.Q. (2016, January 19\u201320). An Enhanced Classification-based Golden Chips-Free Hardware Trojan Detection Technique. Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (AsianHOST), Yilan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AsianHOST.2016.7835553"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"530","article-title":"Hardware Trojan: Malware Detection Using Reverse Engineering and SVM","volume":"736","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intell. Syst. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110936","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2932478","article-title":"A Locating Method for Multi-Purposes HTs Based on the Boundary Network","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2925807","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Using Changepoint-Based Anomaly Detection Techniques","volume":"27","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2019.9010047","article-title":"HTDet: A Clustering Method using Information Entropy for Hardware Trojan Detection","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shayan, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Song, Y.A., Chakrabarty, K., and Karri, R. (2020, January 9\u201313). Microfluidic Trojan Design in Flow-based Biochips. Proceedings of the 2020 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE48585.2020.9116225"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2924915","article-title":"Toward Secure Microfluidic Fully Programmable Valve Array Biochips","volume":"27","author":"Shayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, B., Shankar, A., Wolff, F., Weyer, D., Papachristou, C., and Negi, B. (2014, January 5\u20139). Knowledge-Guided Methodology for Third-Party Soft IP Analysis. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on VLSI Design\/13th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID), Mumbai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSID.2014.49"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, B., Shankar, A., Wolff, F., Papachristou, C., Weyer, D., and Clay, S. (2014, January 24\u201328). Cross-correlation of Specification and RTL for Soft IP Analysis. Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2014.303"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2748021","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection in Third-Party Digital Intellectual Property Cores by Multilevel Feature Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2160627","article-title":"Proof-Carrying Hardware Intellectual Property: A Pathway to Trusted Module Acquisition","volume":"7","author":"Love","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, P., Stellari, F., Pfeiffer, D., Culp, J., Weger, A., Bonnoit, A., Wisnieff, B., and Taubenblatt, M. (2011, January 5\u20136). MARVEL\u2014Malicious alteration recognition and verification by emission of light. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2011.5955007"},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Wang, S.J., Wei, J.Y., Huang, S.H., and Li, K.S.M. (2016, January 19\u201320). Test generation for combinational hardware trojans. Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (AsianHOST), Yilan, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"18","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Technology Based on Probabilistic Signature","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-017-5670-0","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Based on Logical Testing","volume":"33","author":"Bazzazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electron. Test."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2833059","article-title":"Scalable Test Generation for Trojan Detection Using Side Channel Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.12.145","article-title":"Thermal images based Hardware Trojan detection through differential temperature matrix","volume":"158","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850138:1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126618501384","article-title":"A Side-Channel Analysis for Hardware Trojan Detection Based on Path Delay Measurement","volume":"27","author":"Amelian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Circuits Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-019-05803-1","article-title":"Activity Factor Based Hardware Trojan Detection and Localization","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Test. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2016.2576444","article-title":"Latch-Based Structure: A High Resolution and Self-Reference Technique for Hardware Trojan Detection","volume":"66","author":"Zarrinchian","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S. (2015, January 27\u201330). Detecting hardware trojans: A tale of two techniques. Proceedings of the 2015 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FMCAD.2015.7542244"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, C., Forte, D., and Srivastava, A. (2014, January 3\u20135). On Application of One-class SVM to Reverse Engineering-Based Hardware Trojan Detection. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED.2014.6783305"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhasin, S., Danger, J.L., Guilley, S., Ngo, X.T., and Sauvage, L. (2013, January 20). Hardware Trojan Horses in Cryptographic IP Cores. Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FDTC.2013.15"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.284","article-title":"Ending Piracy of Integrated Circuits","volume":"43","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2013.2249554","article-title":"Securing Processors Against Insider Attacks: A Circuit-Microarchitecture Co-Design Approach","volume":"30","author":"Rajendran","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocchi, R.P., Baukus, J.P., Chow, L.W., and Wang, B.J. (2014, January 1\u20135). Circuit Camouflage Integration for Hardware IP Protection. Proceedings of the 51st ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2593069.2602554"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, Y., Gaillardon, P.E., Hu, X.S., Niemier, M., Yuan, J.S., and Jin, Y. (2014, January 16\u201319). Leveraging Emerging Technology for Hardware Security - Case Study on Silicon Nanowire FETs and Graphene SymFETs. Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Asian Test Symposium (ATS), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATS.2014.69"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba, P.S., Dupuis, S., Palanichamy, M., Marie-Lise-Flottes, Di Natale, G., and Rouzeyre, B. (2016, January 11\u201313). Hardware Trust through Layout Filling: A Hardware Trojan Prevention Technique. Proceedings of the IEEE-Computer-Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2016.22"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, K., Forte, D., and Tehranipoor, M. (2015, January 5\u20137). Efficient and Secure Split Manufacturing via Obfuscated Built-In Self-Authentication. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), McLean, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2015.7140229"},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Imeson, F., Emtenan, A., Garg, S., and Tripunitara, M.V. (2013, January 14\u201316). Securing Computer Hardware Using 3D Integrated Circuit (IC) Technology and Split Manufacturing for Obfuscation. Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaidyanathan, K., Das, B.P., Sumbul, E., Liu, R.Z., and Pileggi, L. (2014, January 6\u20137). Building Trusted ICs using Split Fabrication. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2014.6855559"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, B., Karmazin, R., Otero, C.T.O., Tse, J., and Manohar, R. (2013, January 22\u201325). A Split-Foundry Asynchronous FPGA. Proceedings of the 35th Annual IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2013.6658536"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karmazin, R., Otero, C.T.O., and Manohar, R. (2013, January 19\u201322). cellTK: Automated Layout for Asynchronous Circuits with Nonstandard Cells. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems (ASYNC), Univ So Calif, Santa Monica, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASYNC.2013.27"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.121","article-title":"Security-Aware 2.5D Integrated Circuit Design Flow Against Hardware IP Piracy","volume":"50","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2012.2227257","article-title":"A 3-D Split Manufacturing Approach to Trustworthy System Development","volume":"32","author":"Valamehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2018.09.007","article-title":"SoC interconnection protection through formal verification","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. VLSI J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2018.2812183","article-title":"HAL-The Missing Piece of the Puzzle for Hardware Reverse Engineering, Trojan Detection and Insertion","volume":"16","author":"Fyrbiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2017.2648739","article-title":"Surviving Information Leakage Hardware Trojan Attacks Using Hardware Isolation","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2638442","article-title":"A General Framework for Hardware Trojan Detection in Digital Circuits by Statistical Learning Algorithms","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Li, M., Davoodi, A., and Tehranipoor, M. (2012, January 12\u201316). A Sensor-Assisted Self-Authentication Framework for Hardware Trojan Detection. Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), European Design & Automat Assoc, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, G.T., Regazzoni, F., Paar, C., and Burleson, W.P. (2013, January 20\u201323). Stealthy Dopant-Level Hardware Trojans. Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40349-1_12"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2016.2599221","article-title":"Crosstalk-Sensitive Loops and Reconstruction Algorithms to Eavesdrop Digital Signals Transmitted Along Differential Interconnects","volume":"59","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhang, Y.R., Shi, S.W., Guo, S.Z., Liang, Z.Y., Qureshi, S.Y., and Xu, C.Y. (2018, January 11\u201313). Optimized Lightweight Hardware Trojan-based Fault Attack on DES. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/PADSW.2018.8644906"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque, T., Wang, X.M., Basak, A., Karam, R., and Bhunia, S. (2018, January 22\u201325). Hardware Trojan Attacks in Embedded Memory. Proceedings of the IEEE 36th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTS.2018.8368630"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Yang, Y.P., Gong, Y., Hu, Y., and Li, X.W. (2018, January 15\u201317). Grey Zone in Pre-Silicon Hardware Trojan Detection. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC-Asia.2018.00024"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Wu, L.J., Zhang, X.M., and Wu, X.J. (2018, January 22\u201325). A Novel Hardware Trojan Design Based on One-hot Code. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDFS.2018.8355314"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.07.006","article-title":"Symbolic execution based test-patterns generation algorithm for hardware Trojan detection","volume":"78","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cdt.2018.5108","article-title":"Circuit enclaves susceptible to hardware Trojans insertion at gate-level designs","volume":"12","author":"Sebt","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Comput. Digit. Tech."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-018-5739-4","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Using an Advised Genetic Algorithm Based Logic Testing","volume":"34","author":"Nourian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electron. Test."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F.Q., and Liu, Q. (2017, January 28\u201331). Single-Triggered Hardware Trojan Identification Based on Gate-Level Circuit Structural Characteristics. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050673"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2613842","article-title":"COTD: Reference-Free Hardware Trojan Detection and Recovery Based on Controllability and Observability in Gate-Level Netlist","volume":"12","author":"Salmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170682:1","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.14.20170682","article-title":"Hardware Trojans classification based on controllability and observability in gate-level netlist","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TSM.2017.2763088","article-title":"Self-Reference-Based Hardware Trojan Detection","volume":"31","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-018-5715-z","article-title":"Golden-Free Processor Hardware Trojan Detection Using Bit Power Consistency Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electron. Test."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oya, M., Shi, Y.H., Yanagisawa, M., and Togawa, N. (2015, January 9\u201313). A Score-Based Classification Method for Identifying Hardware-Trojans at Gate-Level Netlists. Proceedings of the Conference on Design Automation Test in Europe (DATE), Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.0352"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2727985","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Through Chip-Free Electromagnetic Side-Channel Statistical Analysis","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2017.11.001","article-title":"TASPDetect: Reviving Trust in 3PIP by Detecting TASP Trojans","volume":"56","author":"Rajamanikkam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44632","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908088","article-title":"A Hardware Trojan Detection Method Based on Structural Features of Trojan and Host Circuits","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3600-3_58","article-title":"Wire Load Variation-Based Hardware Trojan Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques","volume":"900","author":"Mohankumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124:1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7070124","article-title":"Creation and Detection of Hardware Trojans Using Non-Invasive Off-The-Shelf Technologies","volume":"7","author":"Rooney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2908964","article-title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Using Reconfigurable Assertion Checkers","volume":"27","author":"Alsaiari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2019.2929116","article-title":"Hardware Trojans Inspired IP Watermarks","volume":"36","author":"Shayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:08:45Z","timestamp":1760177325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185165","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]}}}