{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:52:39Z","timestamp":1784217159190,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P029221\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P029221\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a system of sensors used in flash flood prediction that offers critical real-time information used to provide early warnings that can provide the minutes needed for persons to evacuate before imminent events. Flooding is one of the most serious natural disasters humans confront in terms of loss of life and results in long-term effects, which often have severely adverse social consequences. However, flash floods are potentially more dangerous to life because there is often little or no forewarning of the impending disaster. The Emergency Water Information Network (EWIN) offers a solution that integrates an early warning system, notifications, and real-time monitoring of flash flood risks. The platform has been implemented in Colima, Mexico covering the Colima and Villa de Alvarez metropolitan area. This platform consists of eight fixed riverside hydrological monitoring stations, eight meteorological stations, nomadic mobile monitoring stations called \u201cdrifters\u201d used in the flow, and a sniffer with data muling capability. The results show that this platform effectively compiles and forwards information to decision-makers, government officials, and the general public, potentially providing valuable minutes for people to evacuate dangerous areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1600074293000},"page":"5231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Flash Flood Early Warning System in Colima, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0691-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ibarreche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Wolfson Building, Ashby Rd, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Carretera Colima-Coquimatl\u00e1n km 8.5, Coquimatl\u00e1n C.P. 28400, Colima, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esli","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporativo STR S.A. de C.V., 111 Canario Street, Colima C.P. 28017, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tairda S.A. de C.V., 111-B Canario Street, Colima C.P. 28017, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0504-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Telematics, University of Colima, 333 University Avenue, Colima C.P. 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2015). 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