{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:41:36Z","timestamp":1767897696801,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61675008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61675008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen technology and innovation council","award":["JCYJ20160331141313917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20160331141313917"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emerging development of sensing technology initiates innovative sensors achieving low-cost to facilitate practical realization. An interesting crush of the work is to propose a simple structural sensor and to analyze the different schemes of the metal coating by stimulated emission of Raman scattering (SERS) intensification. For the first time, we propose a simple geometrical photonic crystal fiber refractive index based sensor (PCF-RIBS) with three different Schemes A, B, and C, i.e., gold (A) layer-coated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based D-type PCF-RIBS; Au with titanium-di-oxide (TiO2) layer-coated SPR D-type PCF-RIBS; and Au + TiO2 grating-coated localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) D-type PCF-RIBS. Characterizing the three different Schemes A, B, and C using finite element method simulation shows, a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 48,000 nm\/RIU, 52,000 nm\/RIU and 75,000 nm\/RIU, respectively, for a wide range of analyte-refractive index from 1.33 to 1.45 and operates in the wavelength range from 500\u20132000 nm. Of all the Schemes, Scheme C is found to excite a relatively larger number of surface-plasmons. Eventually, it exhibits improved sensing performances compared to SPR based Schemes A and B. Consequently, it would turn out to be an appropriate candidate to detect a broad range of biological and chemical sample detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1600074293000},"page":"5248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Highly Sensitive Localized Surface Plasmon Polariton Based D-Type Twin-Hole Photonic Crystal Fiber Microbiosensor: Enhanced Scheme for SERS Reinforcement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manthangal Sivanesan","family":"Aruna Gandhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Krishnamoorthy","family":"Senthilnathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"}]},{"given":"Padmanabhan","family":"Ramesh Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat852","article-title":"Local detection of electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides","volume":"2","author":"Maier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.6.000485","article-title":"Sensitivity-enhanced surface plasmon resonance sensor utilizing a tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets overlayer","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.003988","article-title":"Highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on a low-index polymer optical fiber","volume":"26","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5268","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.005268","article-title":"D-shaped photonic crystal fiber plasmonic refractive index sensor based on gold grating","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.000891","article-title":"Highly sensitive selectively coated photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic sensor","volume":"43","author":"Rifat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.08.002","article-title":"Terahertz plasmonics: The rise of toroidal metadevices towards immunobiosensings","volume":"32","author":"Ahmadivand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1021\/nl9041033","article-title":"Infrared Perfect Absorber and Its Application As Plasmonic Sensor","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00075","article-title":"Monolithic Metal Dimer-on-Film Structure: New Plasmonic Properties Introduced by the Underlying Metal","volume":"20","author":"Gerislioglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quero, G., Zito, G., Manag\u00f2, S., Galeotti, F., Pisco, M., De Luca, A.C., and Cusano, A. (2018). Nanosphere Lithography on Fiber: Towards Engineered Lab-On-Fiber SERS Optrodes. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030680"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.05.127","article-title":"Photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance chemical sensors","volume":"202","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32349","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.032349","article-title":"Hollow fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor for the detection of liquid with high refractive index","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12180","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.012180","article-title":"Pressure-assisted melt-filling and optical characterization of Au nano-wires in microstructured fibers","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/12\/1\/015005","article-title":"A selectively coated photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmon resonance sensor","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25090","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025090","article-title":"Surface plasmon scattering in exposed core optical fiber for enhanced resolution refractive index sensing","volume":"15","author":"Klantsataya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8576","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.008576","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-shaped microstructured optical fiber with hollow core","volume":"23","author":"Luan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803707","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2018.2873826","article-title":"A High Refractive Index Plasmonic Sensor Based on D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber with Laterally Accessible Hollow-Core","volume":"10","author":"Luan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"541","article-title":"A Novel Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor with Three D-shaped Holes Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"3","author":"Bing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opt. Photon."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30347","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.030347","article-title":"Dual-polarized highly sensitive plasmonic sensor in the visible to near-IR spectrum","volume":"26","author":"Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2017.11.040","article-title":"Highly sensitive LSPR based photonic crystal fiber sensor with embodiment of nanospheres in different material domain","volume":"101","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.001134","article-title":"Localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor: An improved technique for SERS response intensification","volume":"44","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.41.000416","article-title":"Refractive Indices of Rutile and Sphalerite","volume":"41","author":"Devore","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.004477","article-title":"Fitting refractive-index data with the Sellmeier dispersion formula","volume":"23","author":"Tatian","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085416","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.71.085416","article-title":"Improved analytical fit of gold dispersion: Application to the modeling of extinction spectra with a finite-difference time-domain method","volume":"71","author":"Vial","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079280","article-title":"Photonic crystal fibers","volume":"299","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.02.045","article-title":"Effective d-shape fiber with air hole assistant design for birefringence analysis","volume":"162","author":"Ashok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-010-9178-z","article-title":"Chemical deposition of silver for the fabrication of surface plasmon microstructured optical fibre sensors","volume":"6","author":"Boehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0448-2","article-title":"Temperature sensor based on hollow fiber filled with graphene-ag composite nanowire and liquid","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-016-0342-y","article-title":"Simulation of the Sensing Performance of a Plasmonic Biosensor Based on Birefringent Solid-Core Microstructured Optical Fiber","volume":"12","author":"Popescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.002485","article-title":"Highly sensitive multi-core flat fiber surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor","volume":"24","author":"Rifat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.35.002816","article-title":"Highly amplitude-sensitive photonic-crystal- fiber-based plasmonic sensor","volume":"35","author":"Haider","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-018-0788-1","article-title":"Ultra-stable D-shaped optical fiber refractive index sensor with graphene-gold deposited platform","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-020-02316-6","article-title":"Theoretical assessment of D-shaped optical fiber chemical sensor associated with nanoscale silver strip operating in near-infrared region","volume":"52","author":"Pathak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"111910H","article-title":"Double-core D-type photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on grid coating","volume":"11191","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sens. Syst. Appl. IX"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035403","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/aaaa42","article-title":"Quasi-D-shaped optical fiber plasmonic refractive index sensor","volume":"20","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-019-2013-7","article-title":"Gold grating SPR based D-shaped single mode fiber for detection of liquid refractive index","volume":"51","author":"Khanikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optic. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.11.098","article-title":"D-shaped PCF sensor based on SPR for the detection of carcinogenic agents in food and cosmetics","volume":"180","author":"Thenmozhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-019-01072-y","article-title":"Refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance excitation in a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber coated by titanium nitride","volume":"15","author":"Monfared","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.163649","article-title":"Exploring refractive index sensor using gold coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for biosensing applications","volume":"202","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:09:52Z","timestamp":1760177392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]}}}