{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:43:42Z","timestamp":1773107022134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 51975400, 61703298, 61501316, 51505324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 51975400, 61703298, 61501316, 51505324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of Colleges and Universities in Shanxi Province","award":["2020L0076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020L0076"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National key Research and development program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFB1310200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB1310200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project for Outstanding Talents of Shanxi Province","award":["201805D211020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201805D211020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7202190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7202190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the first time, a novel NiFe2O4\/paper-based magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor was developed for rapid, sensitive, and portable detection of human serum albumin (HSA). Due to the uniquely magnetoelastic effect of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and the excellent mechanical properties of the paper, the paper-based ME biosensor transforms the surface stress signal induced by the specific binding of HSA and antibody modified on the paper into the electromagnetic signal. The accumulated binding complex generates a compressive stress on the biosensor surface, resulting in a decrease in the biosensor\u2019s static magnetic permeability, which correlates to the HSA concentrations. To improve the sensitivity of the biosensor, the concentration of NiFe2O4 nanofluid and the impregnated numbers of the NiFe2O4 nanofluid-impregnated papers were optimized. The experimental results demonstrated that the biosensor exhibited a linear response to HSA concentrations ranging from 10 \u03bcg\u2219mL\u22121 to 200 \u03bcg\u2219mL\u22121, with a detection limit of 0.43 \u03bcg\u2219mL\u22121, which is significantly lower than the minimal diagnosis limit of microalbuminuria. The NiFe2O4\/paper-based ME biosensor is easy to fabricate, and allows the rapid, highly-sensitive, and selective detection of HSA, providing a valuable analytical device for early monitoring and clinical diagnosis of microalbuminuria and nephropathy. This study shows the successful integration of the paper-based biosensor and the ME sensing analytical method will be a highly-sensitive, easy-to-use, disposable, and portable alternative for point-of-care monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T10:30:12Z","timestamp":1600252212000},"page":"5286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Novel NiFe2O4\/Paper-Based Magnetoelastic Biosensor to Detect Human Serum Albumin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongyun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNano System Research Center, Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.7326\/L14-5013-5","article-title":"Screening, monitoring, and treatment of stage 1 to 3 chronic kidney disease","volume":"161","author":"Qaseem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.210302","article-title":"State of the art for measurement of urine albumin: Comparison of routine measurement procedures to isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"60","author":"Bachmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) CKD work group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"3","author":"Riella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009020213","article-title":"Reassessment of albumin as a nutritional marker in kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2018.02.065","article-title":"An ultrasensitive rapid-response fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of HSA","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10251011","article-title":"Serum albumin as predictor of nutritional status in patients with ESRD","volume":"7","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1020","article-title":"Application of an improved biuret method to the determination of total protein in urine and cerebrospinal fluid without concentration step by use of Hitachi 7170 auto-analyzer","volume":"15","author":"Guobing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8600-y","article-title":"Direct immunosensing by spectral correlation interferometry: Assay characteristics versus antibody immobilization chemistry","volume":"407","author":"Burenin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"106","article-title":"The measurement of total serum proteins by the Biuret method","volume":"8","author":"Lubran","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9013989","article-title":"Diagnostics for the Developing World: Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices","volume":"82","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1039\/C0AN00406E","article-title":"A low-cost, simple, and rapid fabrication method for paper-based microfluidics using wax screen-printing","volume":"136","author":"Dungchai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900660p","article-title":"Development of a Bioactive Paper Sensor for Detection of Neurotoxins Using Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing of Sol-Gel-Derived Bioinks","volume":"81","author":"Hossain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31061","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b11020","article-title":"Wearable and implantable epidermal paper-based electronics","volume":"10","author":"Sadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11505","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911505","article-title":"Recent advances in paper-based sensors","volume":"12","author":"Liana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB00431K","article-title":"Cellulose: From biocompatible to bioactive material","volume":"2","author":"Credou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.10.007","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensor with nanocellulose-Au composite assisted multiple signal amplification for detection of avian leukosis virus subgroup J","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.05.016","article-title":"Patchy gold coated Fe3O4 nanospheres with enhanced catalytic activity applied for paper-based bipolar electrode-electrochemiluminescence aptasensors","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.05.052","article-title":"Paper transducers to detect plasmon variations in colorimetric nanoparticle biosensors","volume":"270","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.11.018","article-title":"A screen-printed paper microbial fuel cell biosensor for detection of toxic compounds in water","volume":"102","author":"Chouler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215401","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aa6cd6","article-title":"Solvent-free fabrication of biodegradable hot-film flow sensor for noninvasive respiratory monitoring","volume":"50","author":"Dinh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-019-0239-3","article-title":"Machine learning approach to enhance the performance of MNP-labeled lateral flow immunoassay","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.84","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle biosensors","volume":"2","author":"Haun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302809","article-title":"Theory, Instrumentation and Applications of Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Grimes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.05.089","article-title":"Enhanced mass sensitivity in novel magnetoelastic resonators geometries for advanced detection systems","volume":"296","author":"Saiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262512","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3459140","article-title":"High magnetomechanical coupling on magnetic microwire for sensors with biological applications","volume":"96","author":"Marcos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111399","article-title":"A Portable Device for Rapid Detection of Human Serum Albumin using an immunoglobulin-coating-based Magnetoelastic Biosensor","volume":"141","author":"Sang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2005.08.029","article-title":"Finite size effects on the structural and magnetic properties of sol\u2013gel synthesized NiFe2O4 powders","volume":"302","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5408(01)00620-1","article-title":"Synthesis of nickel ferrite nanoparticles by sol-gel method","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2014.991270","article-title":"Progress of new label-free techniques for biosensors: A review","volume":"36","author":"Sang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(02)01041-7","article-title":"Effect of applied stress on remagnetization and magnetization profile of Co\u2013Si\u2013B amorphous wire","volume":"258","author":"Zhukova","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9022555","article-title":"Lab-on-Paper with Dual Electrochemical\/Colorimetric Detection for Simultaneous Determination of Gold and Iron","volume":"82","author":"Apilux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.12.023","article-title":"Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors by printing","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.07.011","article-title":"In situ real-time detection of E. coli in water using antibody-coated magnetostrictive microcantilever","volume":"150","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.03.067","article-title":"Detection system based on magnetoelastic sensor for classical swine fever virus","volume":"82","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7624-3","article-title":"Antibody-based magneto-elastic biosensors: Potential devices for detection of pathogens and associated toxins","volume":"100","author":"Menti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.08.078","article-title":"Nano zinc oxide-sodium alginate antibacterial cellulose fibres","volume":"135","author":"Varaprasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.085","article-title":"Effect of crosslinking functionality on microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro cytocompatibility of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol)\/sodium alginate hybrid scaffolds","volume":"95","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.06.026","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of nitrite at NiFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesised by solvent deficient method","volume":"317","author":"Nithyayini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5286\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:26Z","timestamp":1760177426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]}}}