{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:43:17Z","timestamp":1771479797950,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80MSFC18N0001 and NNM17AA03A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80MSFC18N0001 and NNM17AA03A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Smartphone Video Guidance Sensor (SVGS) is a vision-based sensor that computes the six-state position and orientation vector of a target relative to a coordinate system attached to a smartphone. This paper presents accuracy-characterization measurements of the Smartphone Video Guidance Sensor (SVGS) to assess its performance as a position and attitude estimator, evaluating its accuracy in linear and angular motion for different velocities and various types of targets based on the mean and standard deviation errors between SVGS estimates and known motion profiles, in both linear and angular motions. The study also examines the effects of target velocity and sampling rate on the overall performance of SVGS and provides an overall assessment of SVGS\u2019 performance as a position\/attitude estimator. While the error metrics are dependent on range and camera resolution, the results of this paper can be scaled to other operational conditions by scaling the blob size in pixels (the light markers identified in the images) relative to the total resolution (number of pixels) of the image. The error statistics of SVGS enable its incorporation (by synthesis of a Kalman estimator) in advanced motion-control systems for navigation and guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T20:44:13Z","timestamp":1600289053000},"page":"5299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Performance Characterization of the Smartphone Video Guidance Sensor as Vision-Based Positioning System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nasir","family":"Hariri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2181-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rakoczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Systems Design and Analysis Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avionics Subsystems Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Bertaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Systems Design and Analysis Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2016.0037","article-title":"Vision-based markerless measurement system for relative vessel positioning","volume":"10","author":"Mizuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Sci. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadinejad, F., Farazi, H., and Ghidary, S.S. (2013, January 13\u201315). A low-cost vision-based tracking system for position control of quadrotor robots. Proceedings of the 2013 First RSI\/ISM International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics, Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRoM.2013.6510133"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2696943","article-title":"Exploring Vision-Based Techniques for Outdoor Positioning Systems: A Feasibility Study","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cizek, P., Faigl, J., and Masri, D. (2016, January 16\u201321). Low-latency image processing for vision-based navigation systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487207"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, J., and Warren, A. (2018, January 27\u201330). FPGA based Deterministic Latency Image Acquisition and Processing System for Automated Driving Systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351472"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, R.T., Book, M.L., and Bryan, T.C. (2001, January 25\u201328). Video-based sensor for tracking three-dimensional targets. Proceedings of the Atmospheric Propagation, Adaptive Systems, and Laser Radar Technology for Remote Sensing, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.413832"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Becker, C., Howard, R., and Rakoczy, J. (2013, January 8\u201313). 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Matlab Release R2019a, The Mathworks, Inc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:36Z","timestamp":1760177436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]}}}