{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:15:43Z","timestamp":1760238943635,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies, wherein the structure or rigidity of a mattress was varied, have been conducted to improve sleep quality. These studies investigated the effect of variation in the surface characteristics of mattresses on sleep quality. The present study developed a mattress whose rigidity can be varied by controlling the amount of air in its air cells. To investigate the effect of the variable rigidity of the air mattress on sleep quality, participants (Male, Age: 23.9 \u00b1 2.74, BMI: 23.3 \u00b1 1.60) were instructed to sleep on the air mattress under different conditions, and their sleep quality was subjectively and objectively investigated. Subjectively, sleep quality is assessed based on the participants\u2019 evaluations of the depth and length of their sleep. Objectively, sleep is estimated using the sleep stage information obtained by analysing the movements and brain waves of the participants during their sleep. A subjective assessment of the sleep quality demonstrates that the participants\u2019 sleep was worse with the adjustment of the air mattress than that without; however, the objective sleep quality results demonstrates an improvement in the sleep quality when the rigidity of the air mattress is varied based on the participant\u2019s preference. This paper proposes a design for mattresses that can result in more efficient sleep than that provided by traditional mattresses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T08:29:43Z","timestamp":1600331383000},"page":"5317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of an Inflatable Air Mattress with Variable Rigidity on Sleep Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4750-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunsoo","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oh-Soon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 07040, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayup","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Convergence R&amp;D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheolsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283596740","article-title":"Can sleep deprivation studies explain why human adults sleep?","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2014.985002","article-title":"Shift work tolerance and the importance of sleep quality: A study of police officers","volume":"46","author":"Kerkhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26298","article-title":"History of the development of sleep medicine in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Shepard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med. Off. Publ. Am. Acad. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JNR.0000387536.60760.4e","article-title":"Exploring quality of sleep and its related factors among menopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jean-Louis, G., Williams, N.J., Sarpong, D., Pandey, A., Youngstedt, S., Zizi, F., and Ogedegbe, G. (2014). Associations between inadequate sleep and obesity in the US adult population. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-290"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.07.006","article-title":"Mortality associated with short sleep duration: The evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future","volume":"14","author":"Grandner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1054","article-title":"Psychosocial stress and impaired sleep","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(88)90127-8","article-title":"Psychological profile and sleep organization in young subjects with poor quality of sleep","volume":"26","author":"Pailhous","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1993.76.2.571","article-title":"Hassles, uplifts, and quality of sleep","volume":"76","author":"Weller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00004-4","article-title":"Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students","volume":"42","author":"Pilcher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.11.009","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood","volume":"87","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840591008320","article-title":"Critical components of a sleep assessment for clinical practice settings","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199600101-00003","article-title":"The socioeconomic impact of insomnia: An overview","volume":"10","author":"Chilcott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharm. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.285","article-title":"Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal","volume":"27","author":"Drake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.3.299","article-title":"The economic cost of sleep disorders","volume":"29","author":"Hillman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0767ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society statement: The importance of healthy sleep: Recommendations and future priorities","volume":"191","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14735","DOI":"10.2196\/14735","article-title":"Four-Year Trends in Sleep Duration and Quality: A Longitudinal Study Using Data from a Commercially Available Sleep Tracker","volume":"22","author":"Robbins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, D.J., Lichstein, K.L., and Durrence, H.H. (2003). Insomnia as a Health Risk Factor. Behav. Sleep Med., 227\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1207\/S15402010BSM0104_5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9150-0","article-title":"Daytime sleep accelerates cardiovascular recovery after psychological stress","volume":"19","author":"Brindle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.11.019","article-title":"Sleep loss as risk factor for neurologic disorders: A review","volume":"14","author":"Palma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.3.383","article-title":"The subjective meaning of sleep quality: A comparison of individuals with and without insomnia","volume":"31","author":"Harvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.07.004","article-title":"Insomnia and health-related quality of life","volume":"14","author":"Kyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10151","article-title":"Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: An overview","volume":"18","author":"Drake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2002.121410","article-title":"Effectiveness of a selected bedding system on quality of sleep, low back pain, shoulder pain, and spine stiffness","volume":"25","author":"Jacobson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60145-1","article-title":"Subjective rating of perceived back pain, stiffness and sleep quality following introduction of medium-firm bedding systems","volume":"5","author":"Jacobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2006.07.007","article-title":"Quantitative effects of mattress types (comfortable vs. uncomfortable) on sleep quality through polysomnography and skin temperature","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2007.04.002","article-title":"Grouped comparisons of sleep quality for new and personal bedding systems","volume":"39","author":"Jacobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhou, B., Shen, L., and Wu, Z. (2020). Exploring the effect of mattress cushion materials on human\u2013mattress interface temperatures, pre-sleep thermal state and sleep quality. Indoor Built Environ., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X20903375"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.05.043","article-title":"Thermal environment and sleep quality: A review","volume":"149","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Moon, I., Kang, S.J., Kim, G.S., and Mun, M.S. (July, January 28). Control of air-cell mattress for preventing pressure ulcer based on approximate anthropometric model. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/23744731.2020.1720445","article-title":"The comparative study of thermal comfort and sleep quality for innovative designed mattress in hot weather","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(00)00013-2","article-title":"The influence of bed firmness on sleep quality","volume":"31","author":"Bader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14792-7","article-title":"Effect of firmness of mattress on chronic non-specific low-back pain: Randomised, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"362","author":"Kovacs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/09291010903557187","article-title":"Effects of different mattresses on sleep quality in healthy subjects: An actigraphic study","volume":"42","author":"Tonetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa.17.233","article-title":"Effects of truss mattress upon sleep and bed climate","volume":"17","author":"Okamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Hum. Sci. J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F.G., Shen, T.Y., and Tan, S.H. (2018). An innovative Mattress design to improve sleep quality and thermal comfort. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer. LNCS 10902.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91244-8_19"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.Y., Min, S.N., Lee, M.H., Jeong, J.H., An, J.H., and Shin, Y.S. (2011). Measurement of user experience to select a comfortable mattress. International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability, Springer. 6770 LNCS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21708-1_51"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20142","article-title":"Comfort evaluation and bed adjustment according to sleeping positions","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5057\/kei.11.155","article-title":"A Study to Investigate the Sleeping Comfort of Mattress using Finite Element Method","volume":"11","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kansei Eng. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00830.x","article-title":"Subjective sleep quality and sleep problems in the general Japanese adult population","volume":"55","author":"Doi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.07.004","article-title":"Sleeping with the enemy: Clock monitoring in the maintenance of insomnia","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(94)00079-F","article-title":"Caffeine reduces low-frequency delta activity in the human sleep EEG","volume":"12","author":"Landolt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12006","article-title":"Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal Sleep","volume":"37","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.1.69","article-title":"Effects of cognitive arousal and physiological arousal on sleep perception","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kim, Y. (2015). The 7th Size Korea Project, Agency for Technology and Standards, Chemistry and Service Standards Division, Korea. Available online: https:\/\/sizekorea.kr\/page\/report\/1."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.12.015","article-title":"Automated identification of sleep states from EEG signals by means of ensemble empirical mode decomposition and random under sampling boosting","volume":"140","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.12.001","article-title":"A convolutional neural network for sleep stage scoring from raw single-channel EEG","volume":"42","author":"Sors","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00605","article-title":"Visualization of whole-night sleep EEG from 2-channel mobile recording device reveals distinct deep sleep stages with differential electrodermal activity","volume":"10","author":"Onton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Adaptation effects to sleep studies in participants with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"47","author":"Herbst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fundamentals of eeg measurement","volume":"2","author":"Teplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2010.538725","article-title":"Ergonomics in bed design: The effect of spinal alignment on sleep parameters","volume":"54","author":"Verhaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109687","article-title":"Bed heating improves the sleep quality and health of the elderly who adapted to no heating in a cold environment","volume":"210","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00122.x","article-title":"The meaning of good sleep: A longitudinal study of polysomnography and subjective sleep quality","volume":"3","author":"Hume","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24527","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900345","article-title":"A Review of Approaches for Sleep Quality Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mostafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00004003","article-title":"The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep","volume":"23","author":"Vertes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-017-0542-8","article-title":"Remembering specific features of emotional events across time: The role of REM sleep and prefrontal theta oscillations","volume":"17","author":"Sopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.01.008","article-title":"Slow-wave sleep: From the cell to the clinic","volume":"41","author":"Debellemaniere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00196","article-title":"In-home sleep recordings in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder reveal less REM and deep sleep <1 Hz","volume":"12","author":"Onton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5573\/IEIESPC.2019.8.4.279","article-title":"Synergy in voice and lip movement for automatic person recognition","volume":"8","author":"Nainan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEIE Trans. Smart Process. Comput."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5573\/IEIESPC.2018.7.2.132","article-title":"Understanding human action using a Bayesian HMM with a continuous Gaussian-Wishart emission model","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEIE Trans. Smart Process. Comput."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-0064-5","article-title":"The application of ECG cancellation in diaphragmatic electromyographic by using stationary wavelet transform","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-019-00117-9","article-title":"Time\u2013frequency localization using three-tap biorthogonal wavelet filter bank for electrocardiogram compressions","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/102\/10008","article-title":"Asymmetry and basic pathways in sleep-stage transitions","volume":"102","author":"Lo","year":"2013","journal-title":"EPL"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MASSP.1986.1165342","article-title":"An Introduction to Hidden Markov Models","volume":"3","author":"Rabiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Mag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5573\/IEIESPC.2018.7.1.049","article-title":"Depth map estimation based on maximum a posteriori probability","volume":"7","author":"Stankiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEIE Trans. Smart Process. Comput."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1109\/10.867928","article-title":"Analysis of a sleep-dependent neuronal feedback loop: The slow-wave microcontinuity of the EEG","volume":"47","author":"Kemp","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215","article-title":"PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: Components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals","volume":"101","author":"Goldberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.4.288","article-title":"The role of actigraphy in the evaluation of sleep disorders","volume":"18","author":"Sadeh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-0091-2","article-title":"Smart technologies toward sleep monitoring at home","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolson, R.F. (2008). Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Wiley Encyclopedia of Clinical Trials, American Cancer Society.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471462422.eoct979"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S.P., and Mei, H. (2012, January 26\u201328). A personalized sleep quality assessment mechanism based on sleep pattern analysis. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Innovations in Bio-Inspired Computing and Applications, IBICA 2012, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IBICA.2012.55"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24983","DOI":"10.3402\/jchimp.v4.24983","article-title":"How to interpret the results of a sleep study","volume":"4","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Commun. Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5498","article-title":"Measuring sleep efficiency: What should the denominator be?","volume":"12","author":"Reed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.07.009","article-title":"Evaluation of immobility time for sleep latency in actigraphy","volume":"10","author":"Chae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:54Z","timestamp":1760177454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]}}}