{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1783376731318,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["NWA Startimpuls 400.17.602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA Startimpuls 400.17.602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measuring psychophysiological signals of adolescents using unobtrusive wearable sensors may contribute to understanding the development of emotional disorders. This study investigated the feasibility of measuring high quality physiological data and examined the validity of signal processing in a school setting. Among 86 adolescents, a total of more than 410 h of electrodermal activity (EDA) data were recorded using a wrist-worn sensor with gelled electrodes and over 370 h of heart rate data were recorded using a chest-strap sensor. The results support the feasibility of monitoring physiological signals at school. We describe specific challenges and provide recommendations for signal analysis, including dealing with invalid signals due to loose sensors, and quantization noise that can be caused by limitations in analog-to-digital conversion in wearable devices and be mistaken as physiological responses. Importantly, our results show that using toolboxes for automatic signal preprocessing, decomposition, and artifact detection with default parameters while neglecting differences between devices and measurement contexts yield misleading results. Time courses of students\u2019 physiological signals throughout the course of a class were found to be clearer after applying our proposed preprocessing steps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"5380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A Usability Study of Physiological Measurement in School Using Wearable Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0487-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattapong","family":"Thammasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Media Interaction, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6104-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo V.","family":"Stuldreher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Media Interaction, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3769 DE Soesterberg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-352X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Schreuders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-5434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Giletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1961-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3769 DE Soesterberg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00224","article-title":"A new paradigm to induce mental stress: The Sing-a-Song Stress Test (SSST)","volume":"8","author":"Brouwer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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