{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:37:02Z","timestamp":1767983822439,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Daily freezing-thawing-repetitive loading is a critical factor affecting soil stability. This study assesses the strength of sand\u2013silt mixtures with various silt fractions (SFs) subjected to cyclic freezing-thawing-repetitive loading. Specimens with SF of 0\u2013100% were prepared with a fixed relative density of 60%. The number of repetitive loadings (N) was 1, 100, and 1000 for each specimen with different SFs. After three cycles of freezing-thawing-repetitive loading, the specimens were frozen at \u22125 \u00b0C for the uniaxial compression test. Test results show that the change in relative density (\u2206Dr) increases with the increase in SF up to 30% and decreases as SF increases beyond 30% owing to the change in the void ratio. The volumetric unfrozen water content (\u03b8u) increases with the increase in both SF and N owing to the effect of the physicochemical characteristics of soils on small voids. Unconfined compressive strength of sand-dominant mixtures (SF \u2264 30%) is reinforced by \u2206Dr. By contrast, for silt-dominant mixtures (SF &gt; 30%), the unconfined compressive strength decreases with the increase in \u03b8u and N due to lubricant role and sands dispersion. Thus, the effects of SF and N should be considered for sand\u2013silt mixtures that have a probability to undergo cyclic freezing-thawing-repetitive loading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"5381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Strength Characteristics of Sand\u2013Silt Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Freezing-Thawing-Repetitive Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Sub","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4752-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Doung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyungsoo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550, Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Yeob","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00160-7","article-title":"Application of the NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) for determining the daily frozen and nonfrozen landscape of Alaska","volume":"75","author":"Kimball","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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