{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:40:57Z","timestamp":1772271657717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["722509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A plastic filament of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was fabricated by extrusion. The mode confinement was simulated using numerical software. The idea is to study how the light intensity changes inside the plastic optical fiber (POF) when a bending in multiple directions is applied. The results obtained from the simulation were compared to the experimental observations. The non-circular shape of the POF allows sensing a rotation applied as well. The angle of rotation was obtained processing two images of the end facet of the fiber (one with the fiber in a reference position and one with the rotated fiber), using an intensity-based automatic image registration. The accuracy in the rotation calculation was of 0.01\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T08:18:01Z","timestamp":1600676281000},"page":"5405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bend-Direction and Rotation Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Demetrio","family":"Sartiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Geernaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Torres Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Textile Research Institute (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(96)00040-6","article-title":"Fiber-optic Bragg grating sensors for bridge monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Maaskant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5492-3","article-title":"Optical fibre gratings as tools for chemical and biochemical sensing","volume":"402","author":"Baldini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.05.152","article-title":"Molybdenum sulfide\/citric acid composite membrane-coated long period fiber grating sensor for measuring trace hydrogen sulfide gas","volume":"272","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"86","article-title":"A Quasi-Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor System using an InGaAs PD Array and FBG Sensors for the Safety Monitoring of Electric Power Systems","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Inst. Illum. Electr. Install. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/68.849081","article-title":"Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement using a superstructure fiber Bragg grating","volume":"12","author":"Guan","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2017.09.021","article-title":"Hybrid MEFPI\/FBG sensor for simultaneous measurement of strain and magnetic field","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001460","article-title":"Tilted fiber Bragg gratings in multicore optical fibers for optical sensing","volume":"42","author":"Barrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04902-3","article-title":"Accurate strain sensing based on super-mode interference in strongly coupled multi-core optical fibres","volume":"7","author":"Villatoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29922","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.029922","article-title":"Temperature-insensitive simultaneous rotation and displacement (bending) sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating","volume":"24","author":"Harasim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2005.844335","article-title":"A novel long period fiber grating sensor measuring curvature and determining bend-direction simultaneously","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.001468","article-title":"Compact fiber-optic curvature sensor based on super-mode interference in a seven-core fiber","volume":"40","author":"Correa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2750759","article-title":"Dynamic Fiber-Optic Shape Sensing Using Fiber Segment Interferometry","volume":"36","author":"Kissinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5098959","article-title":"Probing micron-scale distributed contortions via a twisted multicore optical fiber","volume":"4","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"APL Photonics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.002967","article-title":"Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.000832","article-title":"Ultrasensitive vector bending sensor based on multicore optical fiber","volume":"41","author":"Villatoro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1109\/68.748232","article-title":"Highly tunable Bragg gratings in single-mode polymer optical fibers","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2005.02.069","article-title":"Tensile strain characterization of polymer optical fibre Bragg gratings","volume":"251","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/68.935816","article-title":"Thermal tuning of polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haseda, Y., Bonefacino, J., Tam, H.Y., Chino, S., Koyama, S., and Ishizawa, H. (2019). Measurement of Pulse Wave Signals and Blood Pressure by a Plastic Optical Fiber FBG Sensor. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235088"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/15\/8\/022","article-title":"Sensing characteristics of plastic optical fibres measured by optical time-domain reflectometry","volume":"15","author":"Husdi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/15\/1\/011","article-title":"Distributed plastic optical fibre measurement of pH using a photon counting OTDR","volume":"15","author":"Saunders","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, Y.J., Luo, J., Ran, Z.L., Yue, J.F., Luo, X.D., and Zhou, Z. (2009, January 5). Long-distance fiber-optic \u03a6-OTDR intrusion sensing system. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.835324"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"989911","article-title":"Strain sensing with femtosecond inscribed FBGs in perfluorinated polymer optical fibers","volume":"9899","author":"Stajanca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Sens. Detect. IV"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalli, K., Lacraz, A., Polis, M., and Othonos, A. (2015, January 28). Femtosecond laser inscription of Bragg and complex gratings in coated and encapsulated silica and low-loss polymer optical fibers. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Curitiba, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2195627"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodosiou, A., Lacraz, A., and Kalli, K. (2013). Femtosecond Laser Inscription of Multiplexed FBG Sensors in CYTOP Polymer Optical Fibres. Adv. Photonics, 2016.","DOI":"10.1364\/BGPP.2016.BW4B.6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.9.000319","article-title":"Microstructured polymer optical fibre","volume":"9","author":"Large","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12184","DOI":"10.3390\/s120912184","article-title":"Optical Sensors Based on Plastic Fibers","volume":"12","author":"Bilro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1006\/ofte.2000.0355","article-title":"Plastic Optical Fibers: An Introduction to Their Technological Processes and Applications","volume":"7","author":"Zubia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.02.043","article-title":"Lateral polishing of bends in plastic optical fibres applied to a multipoint liquid-level measurement sensor","volume":"137","author":"Lomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/10\/303","article-title":"An evaluation of a novel plastic optical fibre sensor for axial strain and bend measurements","volume":"13","author":"Kuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2212883","article-title":"Wearable Low-Cost System for Human Joint Movements Monitoring Based on Fiber-Optic Curvature Sensor","volume":"12","author":"Stupar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14466","DOI":"10.3390\/s131114466","article-title":"Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Spine Bending Monitoring with Power Fluctuation Compensation","volume":"13","author":"Zawawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallan, A., Carullo, A., Casalicchio, M.L., and Perrone, G. (2013, January 6\u20139). Design and characterization of curvature sensors based on plastic optical fibers for structural monitoring. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2013.6555565"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.08.036","article-title":"Polymer optical fiber-based sensor for simultaneous measurement of breath and heart rate under dynamic movements","volume":"109","author":"Leitao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.004835","article-title":"Interferometric fiber-optic bending\/nano-displacement sensor using plastic dual-core fiber","volume":"39","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Clive, M., and Calafut, T. (1998). Polypropylene: The Definitive User\u2019s Guide and Databook (Plastics Design Library), William Andrew. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Carraher, C.E. (2003). Seymour\/Carraher\u2019s Polymer Chemistry, Taylor&Francis. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ziemann, O., Krauser, J., Zamzow, P.E., and Daum, W. (2008). POF-Handbook, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2007.903364","article-title":"Improved Bend Loss Formula Verified for Optical Fiber by Simulation and Experiment","volume":"43","author":"Schermer","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2019, September 10). Bent Waveguide Solver. Available online: https:\/\/kb.lumerical.com\/solvers_finite_difference_eigenmode_bend.html."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartiano, D., and Sales, S. (2017). Low Cost Plastic Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor Embedded in Mattress for Vital Signal Monitoring. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122900"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2764951","article-title":"Long Period Gratings in Multicore Optical Fibers for Directional Curvature Sensor Implementation","volume":"36","author":"Barrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2019, September 10). Intensity-Based Automatic Image Registration. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/images\/intensity-based-automatic-image-registration.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5405\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:12:02Z","timestamp":1760177522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/18\/5405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s20185405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20185405","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]}}}