{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:11:20Z","timestamp":1774937480347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1C1C1013433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1013433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002632","name":"Hallym University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRF-202005-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRF-202005-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network-based template architecture that compensates for the disadvantages of existing watermarking techniques that are vulnerable to geometric distortion. The proposed template consists of a template generation network, a template extraction network, and a template matching network. The template generation network generates a template in the form of noise and the template is inserted into certain pre-defined spatial locations of the image. The extraction network detects spatial locations where the template is inserted in the image. Finally, the template matching network estimates the parameters of the geometric distortion by comparing the shape of spatial locations where the template was inserted with the locations where the template was detected. It is possible to recover an image in its original geometrical form using the estimated parameters, and as a result, watermarks applied using existing watermarking techniques that are vulnerable to geometric distortion can be decoded normally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T09:40:56Z","timestamp":1600767656000},"page":"5427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Recovering Watermark Synchronization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wook-Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Display Division, Samsung Electronics, Suwon 16677, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6269-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihyeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Security, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Min","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Uk","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00015-2","article-title":"A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking","volume":"66","author":"Barni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1109\/83.967401","article-title":"Circularly symmetric watermark embedding in 2-D DFT domain","volume":"10","author":"Solachidis","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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