{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T14:31:11Z","timestamp":1779287471322,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2017A020216011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A020216011"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China","award":["180914204960289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180914204960289"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of Guangdong, China","award":["2018A0303130188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018A0303130188"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, China","award":["IOSKL2018KF09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOSKL2018KF09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61775079, 61627823, 61960206004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61775079, 61627823, 61960206004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Key Science and Technology R&amp;D program of Jilin Province, China","award":["20180201046GX, 20190101016JH, 20200401059GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180201046GX, 20190101016JH, 20200401059GX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to improve the performance of the large divergence angle mid-infrared source in gas sensing, this paper aims at developing a methane (CH4) sensor with non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology using a compact pentahedron gas-cell. A paraboloid concentrator, two biconvex lenses and five planar mirrors were used to set up the pentahedron structure. The gas cell is endowed with a 170 mm optical path length with a volume of 19.8 mL. The mathematical model of the cross-section and the three-dimension spiral structure of the pentahedron gas-cell were established. The gas-cell was integrated with a mid-infrared light source and a detector as the optical part of the sensor. Concerning the electrical part, a STM32F429 was employed as a microcontroller to generate the driving signal for the IR source, and the signal from the detector was sampled by an analog-to-digital converter. A static volumetric method was employed for the experimental setup, and 20 different concentration CH4 samples were prepared to study the sensor\u2019s evaluation, which revealed a 1\u03c3 detection limit of 2.96 parts-per-million (ppm) with a 43 s averaging time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T02:56:43Z","timestamp":1600916203000},"page":"5461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A NDIR Mid-Infrared Methane Sensor with a Compact Pentahedron Gas-Cell"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weilin","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xupeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6912-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7161-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fupei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, 243 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuantao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank K.","family":"Tittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2020.103411","article-title":"Leakage source location based on Gaussian plume diffusion model using a near-infrared sensor","volume":"109","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. 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