{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T23:31:02Z","timestamp":1776727862853,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0038\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0038\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents the effect of fiber Bragg gratings side lobes on interrogation systems consisting of sensor and matched filters. The conducted research shows that high-value side lobe structures applied as sensors and\/or filters are characterized by some interesting properties. The paper presents both numerical analysis and experimental verification of the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) interrogation systems with matched filters for gratings containing high side lobes. Numerical modeling of Bragg structures was performed for two different cases: uniform and inverse apodization. Modification of apodization can change the side lobe reflectance level even above levels found in uniform structures. This is a case not described in the literature, especially in terms of possible applications. Transfer characteristics, i.e., the relationship between power intensity as a function of wavelength shift, were determined. A collection of gratings with spectra corresponding to those analyzed in numerical experiments were fabricated. Next, the transfer characteristics of the interrogation systems containing real FBG were determined. The properties of the proposed systems are described. It has been shown that a significant level of sidebands, which is often the subject of many drawbacks in filtering or telecommunications systems, can be an advantage. It has been demonstrated that a high level of side lobes can be used to increase the measurement range of the FBG sensor interrogation systems. It has been determined numerically and confirmed experimentally that from the point of view of the design of sensor interrogation systems, it is beneficial to combine specific pairs of gratings: one with a spectrum characterized by a low side lobe level and a second one in which the spectrum has very high side lobes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1601280178000},"page":"5522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Matched Filter Interrogation of FBG Sensors with Large Side Lobes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skorupski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3986-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Ci\u0119szczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Panas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kisa\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1364\/JOT.79.000667","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of Gaussian apodized fiber Bragg grating strain sensor","volume":"79","author":"Khalid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2020.102315","article-title":"Strongly coupled multicore fiber with FBGs for multipoint and multiparameter sensing","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2014.05.002","article-title":"Concentration sensor based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating for anions monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Melo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.59.6.060901","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating sensors for monitoring of physical parameters: A comprehensive review","volume":"59","author":"Sahota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udd, E. (2007, January 10\u201312). Review of multi-parameter fiber grating sensors. Proceedings of the Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications V, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.753525"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097109","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.9.097109","article-title":"Analytical modeling of power detection-based interrogation methods for fiber Bragg grating sensors for system optimization","volume":"54","author":"Wild","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuksel, K., Kinet, D., Chah, K., and Caucheteur, C. (2020). Implementation of a Mobile Platform Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Automotive Traffic Monitoring. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061567"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanella, C.E., Cuccovillo, A., Campanella, C., Yurt, A., and Passaro, V. (2018). Fibre Bragg grating based strain sensors: Review of technology and applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093115"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.03.067","article-title":"A cost-effective edge-filter based FBG interrogator using catastrophic fuse effect micro-cavity interferometers","volume":"124","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, C.A.R., Leal-Junior, A.G., Avellar, L.M., Antunes, P.F.C., Pontes, M.J., Marques, C.A., Frizera, A., and Ribeiro, M.R.N. (2019). Perrogator: A Portable Energy-Efficient Interrogator for Dynamic Monitoring of Wavelength-Based Sensors in Wearable Applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132962"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2963275","article-title":"A Mathematical Model for the Interrogation of LPG Fiber Optical Sensors Based on Electrical Harmonic Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Neto","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-014-0158-3","article-title":"Analysis of the tunable asymmetric fiber FP cavity for fiber strain sensor edge-filter demodulation","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.928192","article-title":"Empirical relations for design of linear edge filters using apodized linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating","volume":"26","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.005243","article-title":"Performance analysis of a fiber Bragg grating filter-based strain\/temperature sensing system based on a modified Gaussian function approximation method","volume":"50","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.004498","article-title":"Analysis of transmission mode of a matched fiber Bragg grating interrogation scheme","volume":"49","author":"Wade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16516","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716516","article-title":"FBG Interrogation Method with High Resolution and Response Speed Based on a Reflective-Matched FBG Scheme","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wang, Z.F., Sui, Q.M., Wang, J., Chang, J., Peng, G.D., and Song, H.Y. (February, January 31). Experimental and technical research on fiber Bragg grating vibration measuring based on two matching gratings demodulation. Proceedings of the Third Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2010.04.095","article-title":"A linearity interrogation technique with enlarged dynamic range for fiber Bragg grating sensing","volume":"283","author":"Zhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2010.11.011","article-title":"An optimized strain demodulation method based on dynamic double matched fiber Bragg grating filtering","volume":"49","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Jiang, J., Liu, S., Chen, H., Zheng, X., and Qiu, Y. (2018). Overlap Spectrum Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based on Light Power Demodulation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051597"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2009.11.038","article-title":"Simple design technique for a triangular FBG filter based on a linearly chirped grating","volume":"283","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.004715","article-title":"Analysis of inverse-Gaussian apodized fiber Bragg grating","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.001373","article-title":"Inverse-Gaussian apodized fiber Bragg grating for dual-wavelength lasing","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618322","article-title":"Fiber grating spectra","volume":"15","author":"Erdogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.07.034","article-title":"Transfer matrix method for simulation of the fiber Bragg grating in polarization maintaining fiber","volume":"452","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.005243","article-title":"Design and performance investigation of a highly accurate apodized fiber Bragg grating-based strain sensor in single and quasi-distributed systems","volume":"54","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E31","DOI":"10.1017\/hpl.2019.18","article-title":"Fabrication of kW-level chirped and tilted fiber Bragg gratings and filtering of stimulated Raman scattering in high-power CW oscillators","volume":"7","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"High Power Laser Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34655","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.034655","article-title":"Hot water-assisted fabrication of chirped polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"26","author":"Min","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal-Junior, A., Theodosiou, A., D\u00edaz, C., Marques, C., Pontes, M.J., Kalli, K., and Frizera-Neto, A. (2018). Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings in CYTOP Fibers for Angle Measurement with Dynamic Compensation. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10060674"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Miguel, J.L., Galindo-Santos, J., Pulido de Torres, C., Salgado, P., Velasco, A.V., and Corredera, P. (2018). Experimental Demonstration of Low-Uncertainty Calibration Methods for Bragg Grating Interrogators. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061895"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skorupski, K., Harasim, D., Panas, P., Ci\u0119szczyk, S., Kisa\u0142a, P., Kacejko, P., Mroczka, J., and Wydra, M. (2020). Overhead Transmission Line Sag Estimation Using the Simple Opto-Mechanical System with Fiber Bragg Gratings\u2014Part 2: Interrogation System. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092652"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2003.808620","article-title":"Fast optical wavelength interrogator employing arrayed waveguide grating for distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"21","author":"Sano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/19\/5522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:04Z","timestamp":1760177644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/19\/5522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20195522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20195522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]}}}