{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:37:42Z","timestamp":1781710662010,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DN18\/8\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN18\/8\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["D01-284\/17.12.2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D01-284\/17.12.2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immobilization of proteins on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) transducer is a delicate procedure since loss of protein bioactivity can occur upon contact with the untreated metal surface. Solution to the problem is the use of an immobilization matrix having a complex structure. However, this is at the expense of biosensor selectivity and sensitivity. It has been shown that the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) method has been successfully applied for direct immobilization (without a built-in matrix) of proteins, preserving their bioactivity. So far, MAPLE deposition has not been performed on a gold surface as required for SPR biosensors. In this paper we study the impact of direct immobilization of heme proteins (hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb)) on their bioactivity. For the purpose, Hb and Mb were directly immobilized by MAPLE technique on a SPR transducer. The bioactivity of the ligands immobilized in the above-mentioned way was assessed by SPR registration of the molecular reactions of various Hb\/Mb functional groups. By SPR we studied the reaction between the beta chain of the Hb molecule and glucose, which shows the structural integrity of the immobilized Hb. A supplementary study of films deposited by FTIR and AFM was provided. The experimental facts showed that direct immobilization of an intact molecule was achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"5572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Directly Immobilized Hemoglobin and Myoglobin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Georgi","family":"Dyankov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 109 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Borisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko chaussee Blvd., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evdokia","family":"Belina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 109 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hristo","family":"Kisov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 109 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Angelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko chaussee Blvd., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with a Centre of Phytochemistry\u2014Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gisbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko chaussee Blvd., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velichka","family":"Strijkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 109 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Malinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optical Materials and Technology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 109 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.090","article-title":"A novel nitrite biosensor based on the direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin immobilized on MXene-Ti3C2","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2003.11.012","article-title":"Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin immobilized on carbon paste electrode by silica sol\u2013gel film","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. 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