{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T02:52:24Z","timestamp":1770346344266,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010242","name":"Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020Z029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A design scheme of multi-element sensor which included electrical resistivity probes, multiple Cl\u2212 selective electrodes, and a steel corrosion monitoring system was proposed in this work. Embedding this multi-element sensor in concrete enables the real-time and non-destructive monitoring of internal electrical resistivity, free Cl\u2212 (Clf) contents in the concrete pore solution at different depths, and steel corrosion parameters. Based on the monitoring data obtained by the multi-element sensor, the freezing-thawing (F-T) damage degree, the Clf diffusion coefficient, the quantitative relation between F-T damage degree and Clf diffusion coefficient, the initiation period of steel corrosion, and the critical content related to steel corrosion are determined. To conclude, the multi-element sensor provides key durability parameters for the establishment of the Clf diffusion model, the assessment of health condition, and the prediction of service life of concrete under the coexistence of the F-T cycle and Cl\u2212.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T09:41:01Z","timestamp":1601458861000},"page":"5607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Developing a Multi-Element Sensor to Non-Destructively Monitor Several Fundamental Parameters Related to Concrete Durability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Material, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Material, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Material, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Material, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Material, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118784","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical analysis on coupled effect of hydration, temperature and humidity in early-age cement-based materials","volume":"146","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.05.018","article-title":"Preparation of phytic acid conversion coating and corrosion protection performances for steel in chlorinated simulated concrete pore solution","volume":"139","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2016.01.027","article-title":"The effect of simulated concrete pore solution composition and chlorides on the electronic properties of passive films on carbon steel rebar","volume":"106","author":"Williamson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.250","article-title":"Rebar corrosion detection, protection, and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures in coastal environments: A review","volume":"224","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2016.08.004","article-title":"Degradation of fly ash concrete under the coupled effect of carbonation and chloride aerosol ingress","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.091","article-title":"Water absorption and chloride diffusivity of concrete under the coupling effect of uniaxial compressive load and freeze\u2013thaw cycles","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.04.004","article-title":"Degradation of concrete with addition of mineral admixture due to free chloride ion penetration under the effect of carbonation","volume":"138","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.02.020","article-title":"Durability of concrete structures in tropical atoll environment","volume":"135","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.008","article-title":"Effect of coupled deterioration by freeze\u2013thaw, carbonation and chlorides on concrete service life","volume":"47","author":"Kuosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.063","article-title":"Corrosion of rebar in concrete under cyclic freeze\u2013thaw and Chloride salt action","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Femenias, Y.S., Angst, U., Moro, F., and Elsener, B. (2018). Development of a Novel Methodology to Assess the Corrosion Threshold in Concrete Based on Simultaneous Monitoring of pH and Free Chloride Concentration. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093101"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8866","DOI":"10.3390\/s150408866","article-title":"Monitoring the Corrosion Process of Reinforced Concrete Using BOTDA and FBG Sensors","volume":"15","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2019.05.008","article-title":"Hybrid non-destructive evaluation methods for characterizing chloride-induced corrosion in concrete","volume":"107","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, D., Li, Y., Li, J., Lim, K.-S., Nazal, N.A., and Ahmad, H. (2019). A Recent Progress of Steel Bar Corrosion Diagnostic Techniques in RC Structures. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010034"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3390\/app7111157","article-title":"Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring the Corrosion Conditions of Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Rita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(02)00089-6","article-title":"Chloride-induced corrosion on reinforcing steel: From the fundamentals to the monitoring techniques","volume":"25","author":"Montemor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.10.059","article-title":"Electrochemical studies on the performance characteristics of alkaline solid embeddable sensor for concrete environments","volume":"130","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-009-0029-6","article-title":"Potentiometric determination of the chloride ion activity in cement based materials","volume":"40","author":"Angst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.84.383","article-title":"Electrochemical Characterization of Solid Ag\/AgCl Reference Electrode with Different Electrolytes for Corrosion Monitoring of Steel in Concrete","volume":"84","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.82.1040","article-title":"Electrochemical Characterization of a Solid Embeddable Ag\/AgCl Reference Electrode for Corrosion Monitoring in Reinforced Concrete","volume":"82","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.135","article-title":"Non-destructive measurement of chloride ions concentration in concrete\u2014A comparative analysis of limitations and prospects","volume":"174","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.009","article-title":"Non-destructive methods for measuring chloride ingress into concrete: State-of-the-art and future challenges","volume":"68","author":"Schoefs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pargar, F., Koleva, D.A., and Van Breugel, K. (2017). Determination of Chloride Content in Cementitious Materials: From Fundamental Aspects to Application of Ag\/AgCl Chloride Sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112482"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00218-9","article-title":"Monitoring chloride concentrations in hardened cement pastes using ion selective electrodes","volume":"26","author":"Atkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(96)00104-4","article-title":"Embeddable Ag\/AgCl sensors for in-situ monitoring chloride contents in concrete","volume":"26","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.200390095","article-title":"Non destructive determination of the free chloride content in cement based materials","volume":"54","author":"Elsener","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2006.01.005","article-title":"Multiprobe chloride sensor for in situ monitoring of reinforced concrete structures","volume":"28","author":"Montemor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.68.1","article-title":"Internal deterioration of mortars in freeze-thawing: Non-destructive evaluation by means of electrical impedance","volume":"68","author":"Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res. ZUG"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A., Sanjayan, J.G., Nazari, A., and Duan, W.H. (2016). Graphene oxide impact on hardened cement expressed in enhanced freeze-thaw resistance. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 28.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001586"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.04.031","article-title":"Optical fibre sensors for the measurement of concrete sample properties following exposure to freeze\/thaw tests","volume":"153","author":"Yeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202280","article-title":"Monitoring of Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Concrete Using Embedded Sensors and Ultrasonic Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Ranz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2012.05.004","article-title":"Evaluation of freeze\u2013thaw damage in concrete by ultrasonic imaging","volume":"52","author":"Molero","year":"2012","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.004","article-title":"Freeze-thaw crack determination in cementitious materials using 3D X-ray computed tomography and acoustic emission","volume":"89","author":"Shields","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.013","article-title":"Evaluation of cracking damage in freeze-thawed concrete using acoustic emission and X-ray CT image","volume":"136","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00856-6","article-title":"Damage evolution during freeze\u2013thaw cycling of cement mortar, studied by electrical resistivity measurement","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.135","article-title":"Self-monitoring of freeze\u2013thaw damage using triphasic electric conductive concrete","volume":"101","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.003","article-title":"Electrical response of mortar with different degrees of saturation and deicing salt solutions during freezing and thawing","volume":"59","author":"Farnam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.163","article-title":"Characterization of Ag\/AgCl electrode manufactured by immersion in sodium hypochloride acid for monitoring chloride content in concrete","volume":"122","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8695(03)00013-6","article-title":"Electrical resistivity measurement applied to cracking assessment on reinforced concrete structures in civil engineering","volume":"36","author":"Lataste","year":"2003","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2002). GB\/T 50081-2002: Standard for Test Method of Mechanical Properties on Ordinary Concrete, China Ministry of Construction."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2009). GB\/T 50082-2009: Standard for Test Methods of Long-Term Performance and Durability of Ordinary Concrete, China Academy of Building Research."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2002). ASTM C597-02, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00356052","article-title":"Interpretation of the impedance spectroscopy of cement paste via computer modelling: Part III Microstructural analysis of frozen cement paste","volume":"30","author":"Olson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.042","article-title":"Characterizing blended cement pastes under cyclic freeze\u2013thaw actions by electrical resistivity","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-006-9211-z","article-title":"Electrical conductivity of drying cement paste","volume":"40","author":"Rajabipour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000549","article-title":"Using a Saturation Function to Interpret the Electrical Properties of Partially Saturated Concrete","volume":"25","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.05.018","article-title":"Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on capillary absorption and chloride penetration into concrete","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.066","article-title":"The deterioration law of recycled concrete under the combined effects of freeze-thaw and sulfate attack","volume":"200","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120172","article-title":"Service life of reinforced concrete seawalls suffering from chloride attack: Theoretical modelling and analysis","volume":"263","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.006","article-title":"A study of the factors affecting the surface chloride maximum phenomenon in submerged concrete samples","volume":"94","author":"Shakouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.033","article-title":"Chloride ion penetration into fly ash modified concrete during wetting\u2013drying cycles","volume":"93","author":"Pejovnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.018","article-title":"Chloride transport and microstructure of concrete with\/without fly ash under atmospheric chloride condition","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.01.001","article-title":"The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding in hardened cement paste","volume":"42","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.03.030","article-title":"Time dependent diffusion in concrete\u2014three laboratory studies","volume":"36","author":"Nokken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2010.11.007","article-title":"Experimental study of the material and bond properties of frost-damaged concrete","volume":"41","author":"Hanjari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2436609","article-title":"Investigation of Corrosion and Cathodic Protection in Reinforced Concrete I. Application of electrochemical techniques","volume":"154","author":"Koleva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2010.02.016","article-title":"Electrochemical investigation of chloride-induced depassivation of black steel rebar under simulated service conditions","volume":"52","author":"Ghods","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-0302(12)60149-2","article-title":"Corrosion Evolution of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete under Dry\/Wet Cyclic Conditions Contaminated with Chloride","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.047","article-title":"Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor the corrosion of reinforced concrete: A new approach","volume":"111","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C261","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2715313","article-title":"Investigation of Corrosion and Cathodic Protection in Reinforced Concrete: II. Properties of Steel Surface Layers","volume":"154","author":"Koleva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)17049-0","article-title":"Corrosion Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures\u2014A Review","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.299","article-title":"Effect of ginger extract as green inhibitor on chloride-induced corrosion of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solutions","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.011","article-title":"Influence of detection methods on chloride threshold value for the corrosion of steel reinforcement","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.11.020","article-title":"Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete\u2014An updated review considering Chinese experience","volume":"117","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.08.006","article-title":"Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete\u2014A review","volume":"39","author":"Angst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2007.05.007","article-title":"Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete","volume":"49","author":"Ann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2019.90","article-title":"Recommended practice for reporting experimental data produced from studies on corrosion of steel in cementitious systems","volume":"4","author":"Ueli","year":"2019","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/19\/5607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:15:12Z","timestamp":1760177712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/19\/5607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20195607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20195607","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]}}}