{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:47:33Z","timestamp":1778258853941,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61274117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61274117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61876026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61876026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Start Up Project of Chongqing University","award":["02160011044118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02160011044118"]}]},{"name":"University level scientific research project of Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities","award":["No.qnsy2018006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.qnsy2018006"]}]},{"name":"Discipline construction subproject of computer and Information College of Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities","award":["CST_2019SN02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CST_2019SN02"]}]},{"name":"Qiannan science and technology project","award":["Zi(2018)No.7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Zi(2018)No.7"]}]},{"name":"Education quality improvement project of Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities","award":["2018xjg0524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018xjg0524"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ20F020006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ20F020006"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","award":["Grant Y201941813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Y201941813"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a novel method for fault diagnosis in micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors using a bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM)-based Hilbert\u2013Huang transform (HHT) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). First, the method for fault diagnosis of inertial sensors is formulated into an HHT-based deep learning problem. Second, we present a new BLSTM-based empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method for converting one-dimensional inertial data into two-dimensional Hilbert spectra. Finally, a CNN is used to perform fault classification tasks that use time\u2013frequency HHT spectrums as input. According to our experimental results, significantly improved performance can be achieved, on average, for the proposed BLSTM-based EMD algorithm in terms of EMD computational efficiency compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, the proposed fault diagnosis method achieves high accuracy in fault classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T11:28:57Z","timestamp":1601551737000},"page":"5633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Method for Fault Diagnosis of Temperature-Related MEMS Inertial Sensors by Combining Hilbert\u2013Huang Transform and Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Futing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2506319","article-title":"Autonomous Gas Detection and Mapping with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","volume":"65","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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