{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:34:42Z","timestamp":1767861282554,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrochromic devices can act as passive displays. They change their color when a low voltage is applied. Flexible and bendable hybrid textile-film electrochromic devices with poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared on polyethylene polyethylene terephthalate (PEPES) membranes using a spray coating technique. The electrolyte consisted of a gelatin glycerol mixture as host matrix and calcium chloride. Titanium dioxide was used as an ion storage layer and a carbon containing dispersion was used for the counter electrode on a polyester rip-stop fabric. The sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS on PEPES was 500 Ohm\/sq. A 5 \u00d7 5 electrochromic matrix with individually addressable pixels was successfully designed and assembled. The switching time of the pixels was 2 s at a voltage of 2.0 V directly after assembling. The use of titanium dioxide as ion storage also increased the contrast of the dark-blue reduced electrochromic layer. Coloration was not self-sustaining. The PEDOT:PSS layer needed a constant low voltage of at least 0.5 V to sustain in the dark-blue reduced state. The switching time increased with time. After 12 months the switching time was ~4 s at a voltage of 2.8 V. The addition of glycerol into the electrolyte extended the lifetime of a non-encapsulated textile electrochromic cell, because moisture is retained in the electrolyte. Charge carriers can be transported into and out of the electrochromic layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T10:46:17Z","timestamp":1601981177000},"page":"5691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Textile Based Electrochromic Cells Prepared with PEDOT: PSS and Gelled Electrolyte"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Gra\u00dfmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile and Clothing, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, 41065 M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile and Clothing, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, 41065 M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lieva","family":"Van Langenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3389-0591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Schwarz-Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Textile and Clothing, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, 41065 M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4044","article-title":"Hydrochromic molecular switches for water-jet rewritable paper","volume":"5","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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