{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:33:06Z","timestamp":1778013186805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to compare the validity of a local positioning system (LPS) during outdoor and indoor conditions for team sports. The impact of different filtering techniques was also investigated. Five male team sport athletes (age: 27 \u00b1 2 years; maximum oxygen uptake: 48.4 \u00b1 5.1 mL\/min\/kg) performed 10 trials on a team sport-specific circuit on an artificial turf and in a sports hall. During the circuit, athletes wore two devices of a recent 20-Hz LPS. From the reported raw and differently filtered velocity data, distances covered during different walking, jogging, and sprinting sections within the circuit were computed for which the circuit was equipped with double-light timing gates as criterion measures. The validity was determined by comparing the known and measured distances via the relative typical error of estimate (TEE). The LPS validity for measuring distances covered was good to moderate during both environments (TEE: 0.9\u20137.1%), whereby the outdoor validity (TEE: 0.9\u20136.4%) was superior than indoor validity (TEE: 1.2\u20137.1%). During both environments, validity outcomes of an unknown manufacturer filter were superior (TEE: 0.9\u20136.2%) compared to those of a standard Butterworth filter (TEE: 0.9\u20136.4%) and to unprocessed raw data (TEE: 1.0\u20137.1%). Our findings show that the evaluated LPS can be considered as a good to moderately valid tracking technology to assess running-based movement patterns in team sports during outdoor and indoor conditions. However, outdoor was superior to indoor validity, and also impacted by the applied filtering technique. Our outcomes should be considered for practical purposes like match and training analyses in team sport environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"5733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Validity of a Local Positioning System during Outdoor and Indoor Conditions for Team Sports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Prisca S.","family":"Alt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery, Clinic Braunschweig, 38118 Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6258-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Baumgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6822-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Uebersch\u00e4r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Industrial Design, Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Applied Training Science, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Freiwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany"}]},{"given":"Matthias W.","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Movement and Training Science I, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0055-8","article-title":"Interpreting physical performance in professional soccer match-play: Should we be more pragmatic in our approach?","volume":"43","author":"Carling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.965191","article-title":"Mechanical determinants of acceleration and maximal sprinting speed in highly trained young soccer players","volume":"32","author":"Buchheit","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"536","article-title":"Konditionelle Leistungsdiagnostik im Hochleistungsfu\u00dfball\u2014Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft","volume":"7","author":"Hoppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"OUP"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, A., Pappalardo, L., Cintia, P., Iaia, F.M., Fern\u00e0ndez, J., and Medina, D. (2018). Effective injury forecasting in soccer with GPS training data and machine learning. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201264"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0714-2","article-title":"Training load monitoring in team sports: A novel framework separating physiological and biomechanical load-adaptation pathways","volume":"47","author":"Vanrenterghem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182548af1","article-title":"Relationship between indicators of training load in soccer players","volume":"27","author":"Casamichana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.195","article-title":"A comparison of methods to quantify the in-season training load of professional soccer players","volume":"8","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095788","article-title":"The training-injury prevention paradox: Should athletes be training smarter and harder?","volume":"50","author":"Gabbett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe, M.W., Baumgart, C., Polglaze, T., and Freiwald, J. (2018). Validity and reliability of GPS and LPS for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192708"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linke, D., Link, D., and Lames, M. (2018). Validation of electronic performance and tracking systems EPTS under field conditions. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199519"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001221","article-title":"The validity and reliability of global positioning systems in team sport: A brief review","volume":"30","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of global positioning and computer-based tracking systems for measuring player movement distance during Australian football","volume":"9","author":"Edgecomb","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.02.005","article-title":"The validity and reliability of a global positioning satellite system device to assess speed and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in athletes","volume":"13","author":"Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.015","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS devices for measuring movement demands of team sports","volume":"13","author":"Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.504783","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS for measuring distance travelled in field-based team sports","volume":"28","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.3.328","article-title":"The validity and reliability of GPS units for measuring distance in team sport specific running patterns","volume":"5","author":"Jennings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000285","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of GPS devices for measurement of sports-specific movement patterns related to cricket, tennis, and field-based team sports","volume":"28","author":"Vickery","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.608703","article-title":"Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of a global positioning system (GPS) and timing gates to assess sprint performance variables","volume":"29","author":"Waldron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.627941","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS for measuring instantaneous velocity during acceleration, deceleration, and constant motion","volume":"30","author":"Varley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02076","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a commercially available indoor tracking system to assess distance and time in court-based sports","volume":"10","author":"Colino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camomilla, V., Bergamini, E., Fantozzi, S., and Vannozzi, G. (2018). Trends supporting the in-field use of wearable inertial sensors for sport performance evaluation: A systematic review. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030873"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthtr.2018.01.001","article-title":"Estimating external loads and internal demands by positioning systems and innovative data processing approaches during intermittent running activities in team and racquet sports","volume":"34","author":"Hoppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-018-0291-0","article-title":"Sprint diagnostic with GPS and inertial sensor fusion","volume":"21","author":"Mertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0192-2","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a radio positioning system for tracking athletes in indoor and outdoor team sports","volume":"44","author":"Sathyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.04.003","article-title":"Soccer-specific accuracy and validity of the local position measurement (LPM) system","volume":"13","author":"Frencken","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.712712","article-title":"Accuracy of the LPM tracking system considering dynamic position changes","volume":"30","author":"Ogris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.723131","article-title":"Design of an accuracy study for position detection in football","volume":"31","author":"Siegle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0340","article-title":"Measuring acceleration and deceleration in soccer-specific movements using a local position measurement (LPM) system","volume":"9","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00115","article-title":"Validity of the Catapult ClearSky T6 local positioning system for team sports specific drills, in indoor conditions","volume":"9","author":"Luteberget","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.910608","article-title":"The validity and reliability of a novel indoor player tracking system for use within wheelchair court sports","volume":"32","author":"Rhodes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rico-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Los Arcos, A., Clemente, F.M., Rojas-Valverde, D., and Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). Accuracy and reliability of ocal positioning systems for measuring sport movement patterns in stadium-scale: A systematic review. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175994"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2020, March 04). Kinexon: KINEXON Stellt Hochpr\u00e4zise Leistungsdaten f\u00fcr die EHF EUROs. Available online: https:\/\/kinexon.com\/de\/pr\/kinexon-stellt-hochpraezise-leistungsdaten-fuer-ehf-euros-bereit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01882","article-title":"Can positioning systems replace timing gates for measuring sprint time in ice hockey?","volume":"9","author":"Link","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0236","article-title":"Unpacking the black box: Applications and considerations for using GPS devices in sport","volume":"12","author":"Malone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, September 14). Pr\u00e4zise Echtzeit-Lokalisierung Kombiniert mit Innovativen Analysen. Available online: https:\/\/kinexon.com\/de."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"36","article-title":"Spreadsheets for analysis of validity and reliability","volume":"19","author":"Hopkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0446-0","article-title":"Sprint running performance monitoring: Methodological and practical considerations","volume":"46","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.07.003","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of GPS devices for measurement of movement patterns in confined spaces for court-based sports","volume":"13","author":"Duffield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0534","article-title":"Methodological considerations when quantifying high-intensity efforts in team sport using global positioning system technology","volume":"12","author":"Varley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0083","article-title":"Variability of metabolic power data in elite soccer players during pre-season matches","volume":"58","author":"Hoppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Muthukrishnan, K. (2009). Multimodal Localisation: Analysis, Algorithms and Experimental Evaluation, University of Twente."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, D.A. (2009). Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Wiley. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9341","article-title":"Recommendations for assessment of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of data provided by wearable sensors designed for monitoring physical activity","volume":"6","author":"Fuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rico-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Los Arcos, A., Rojas-Valverde, D., Clemente, F.M., and Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). A Survey to Assess the Quality of the Data Obtained by Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems to Measure External Workload and Collective Behavior Variables in Team Sports. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082271"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5733\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:17:48Z","timestamp":1760177868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205733","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]}}}