{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:23:41Z","timestamp":1768587821517,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCENT-ERC-2014-STG-639123 (2015-2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCENT-ERC-2014-STG-639123 (2015-2020)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/28878\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/28878\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid, real-time, and non-invasive identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases is an increasingly relevant field, with applications in areas such as healthcare, agriculture, or industry. Ideal characteristics of VOC and gas sensing devices used for artificial olfaction include portability and affordability, low power consumption, fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity. Microfluidics meets all these requirements and allows for in situ operation and small sample amounts, providing many advantages compared to conventional methods using sophisticated apparatus such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. This review covers the work accomplished so far regarding microfluidic devices for gas sensing and artificial olfaction. Systems utilizing electrical and optical transduction, as well as several system designs engineered throughout the years are summarized, and future perspectives in the field are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"5742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Microfluidics in Gas Sensing and Artificial Olfaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Rebord\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana I. C. J.","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C. A.","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.05.031","article-title":"Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)\u2014A review","volume":"140","author":"Shahzad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.04.013","article-title":"Combined effects of temperature and humidity on indoor VOCs pollution: Intercity comparison","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning for the meta-analyses of microbial pathogens\u2019 volatile signatures","volume":"8","author":"Palma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04930","article-title":"Diagnosis and Classification of 17 Diseases from 1404 Subjects via Pattern Analysis of Exhaled Molecules","volume":"11","author":"Nakhleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037562","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab67a6","article-title":"Review\u2014Non-Invasive Monitoring of Human Health by Exhaled Breath Analysis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"167","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.01.025","article-title":"Tilapia fish microbial spoilage monitored by a single optical gas sensor","volume":"89","author":"Semeano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14392","article-title":"Application of an electronic nose for determination of pre-pressing treatment of rapeseed based on the analysis of volatile compounds contained in pressed oil","volume":"55","author":"Rusinek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusinek, R., Jelen, H., Malaga-Tobola, U., Molenda, M., and Gancarz, M. (2020). Influence of changes in the level of volatile compounds emitted during rapeseed quality degradation on the reaction of MOS type sensor-array. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113135"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127574","article-title":"Using an electronic nose and volatilome analysis to differentiate sparkling wines obtained under different conditions of temperature, ageing time and yeast formats","volume":"334","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2020.110250","article-title":"Development of a portable electronic nose based on a hybrid filter-wrapper method for identifying the Chinese dry-cured ham of different grades","volume":"290","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezende, G.C., Brandner, J.J., Le Calv\u00e9, S., Brandner, J.J., and Newport, D. (2019). Micro Milled Microfluidic Photoionization Detector for Volatile Organic Compounds. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10040228"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.07.004","article-title":"Protein- and Peptide-Based Biosensors in Artificial Olfaction","volume":"36","author":"Barbosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paknahad, M., Ghafarinia, V., and Hossein-Babaei, F. (2012, January 7\u20139). A microfluidic gas analyzer for selective detection of biomarker gases. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS 2012-Proceedings, Brescia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2012.6166309"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8349","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101767r","article-title":"Gas analysis by monitoring molecular diffusion in a microfluidic channel","volume":"82","author":"Ghafarinia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The selective flow of volatile organic compounds in conductive polymer-coated microchannels","volume":"7","author":"Zare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.10.048","article-title":"Characterization of channel coating and dimensions of microfluidic-based gas detectors","volume":"241","author":"Paknahad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1021\/ac010210+","article-title":"Microfluidic device for airborne BTEX detection","volume":"73","author":"Ueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.03.023","article-title":"Integrated microfluidic gas sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds in water","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700803","article-title":"Tunable Gas Sensing Gels by Cooperative Assembly","volume":"27","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8959","article-title":"Towards outperforming conventional sensor arrays with fabricated individual photonic vapour sensors inspired by Morpho butterflies","volume":"6","author":"Potyrailo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-10-2016-0238","article-title":"Towards bionic noses","volume":"37","author":"Persaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0159-4","article-title":"Rapid online learning and robust recall in a neuromorphic olfactory circuit","volume":"2","author":"Imam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Highly selective detection of methanol over ethanol by a handheld gas sensor","volume":"10","author":"Abegg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiele, A., Wicaksono, A., Ayyala, S.K., and Covington, J.A. (2020). Development of a compact, iot-enabled electronic nose for breath analysis. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010084"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0110810","article-title":"Air-cooled cold trap channel integrated in a microfluidic device for monitoring airborne BTEX with an improved detection limit","volume":"74","author":"Ueno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0201732","article-title":"Separate detection of BTX mixture gas by a microfluidic device using a function of nanosized pores of mesoporous silica adsorbent","volume":"74","author":"Ueno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00540-9","article-title":"Portable automatic BTX measurement system with microfluidic device using mesoporous silicate adsorbent with nano-sized pores","volume":"95","author":"Ueno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"30","article-title":"Portable aromatic VOC gas sensor for onsite continuous air monitoring with 10-ppb benzene detection capability","volume":"4","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"NTT Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-004-2974-6","article-title":"High benzene selectivity of mesoporous silicate for BTX gas sensing microfluidic devices","volume":"382","author":"Ueno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt:20060015","article-title":"Towards a truly biomimetic olfactory microsystem: An artificial olfactory mucosa","volume":"1","author":"Covington","year":"2007","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Spatio-temporal information in an artificial olfactory mucosa","volume":"464","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00037j","article-title":"Polymers with embedded chemical indicators as an artificial olfactory mucosa","volume":"135","author":"Dini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05058","article-title":"The origins and the future of microfluidics","volume":"442","author":"Whitesides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-leo, J. (2014). Lab-on-a-Chip Devices and Micro-Total Analysis Systems. Lab-on-a-Chip Devices Micro-Total Anal. Syst.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08687-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1039\/b508097e","article-title":"Development of an integrated microfluidic platform for dynamic oxygen sensing and delivery in a flowing medium","volume":"5","author":"Vollmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warden, A.C., Trowell, S.C., and Gel, M. (2019). A Miniature Gas Sampling Interface with Open Microfluidic Channels: Characterization of Gas-to-Liquid Extraction Efficiency of Volatile Organic Compounds. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10070486"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.04.033","article-title":"Bioelectronic nose combined with a microfluidic system for the detection of gaseous trimethylamine","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazemi, H., Joseph, A., Park, J., and Emadi, A. (2019). Advanced micro-and nano-gas sensor technology: A review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061285"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050388","article-title":"Development of a Compact and Simple Gas Chromatography for Oral Malodor Measurement","volume":"77","author":"Murata","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13133","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01461","article-title":"Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration","volume":"90","author":"Regmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2015.39","article-title":"Chip-scale gas chromatography: From injection through detection","volume":"1","author":"Akbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, S., Alfeeli, B., and Agah, M. (2010, January 5\u20138). A micro gas chromatography chip with an embedded non-cascaded thermal conductivity detector. Proceedings of the Procedia Engineering, Linz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.09.040"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.06.014","article-title":"Identifying volatile organic compounds by determining their diffusion and surface adsorption parameters in microfluidic channels","volume":"220","author":"Ghafarinia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55672-z","article-title":"A Nanostructured Microfluidic Artificial Olfaction for Organic Vapors Recognition","volume":"9","author":"Janfaza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.120","article-title":"Ammonia detection by a novel Pyrex microsystem based on thermal creep phenomenon","volume":"192","author":"Graur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.01.011","article-title":"Microfluidic gas sensor with integrated pumping system","volume":"170","author":"Martini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fabrication of heterogeneous nanomaterial array by programmable heating and chemical supply within microfluidic platform towards multiplexed gas sensing application","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00390K","article-title":"All-soft, battery-free, and wireless chemical sensing platform based on liquid metal for liquid- and gas-phase VOC detection","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.06.072","article-title":"Cell-based microfluidic platform for mimicking human olfactory system","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, C., Santos, G.M.C., Alves, C., Palma, S.I.C.J., Porteira, A.R., Filho, J., Costa, H.M.A., Alves, V.D., Morais Faustino, B.M., and Ferreira, I. (2019). Effect of film thickness in gelatin hybrid gels for artificial olfaction. Mater. Today Bio, 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2019.100002"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, C., Ramou, E., Porteira, A.R.P., Moura Barbosa, A.J., and Roque, A.C.A. (2020). Seeing the Unseen: The Role of Liquid Crystals in Gas-Sensing Technologies. Adv. Opt. Mater., 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201902117"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13118","article-title":"The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research","volume":"507","author":"Sackmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5742\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:18:00Z","timestamp":1760177880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]}}}