{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:20:31Z","timestamp":1760239231572,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Foundation Awards, Grant ST\/R002908\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Foundation Awards, Grant ST\/R002908\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPIIT-IT100420","PAPIIT-IN108020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT-IT100420","PAPIIT-IN108020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB-240666","A1-S-8960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB-240666","A1-S-8960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the prospect of CMOS devices to assay lead in drinking water, using calorimetry. Lead occurs together with traces of radioisotopes, e.g., 210Pb, producing \u03b3-emissions with energies ranging from 10 keV to several 100 keV when they decay; this range is detectable in silicon sensors. In this paper we test a CMOS camera (Oxford Instruments Neo 5.5) for its general performance as a detector of X-rays and low energy \u03b3-rays and assess its sensitivity relative to the World Health Organization upper limit on lead in drinking water. Energies from 6 keV to 60 keV are examined. The CMOS camera has a linear energy response over this range and its energy resolution is for the most part slightly better than 2%. The Neo sCMOS is not sensitive to X-rays with energies below \u223c10\u00a0keV. The smallest detectable rate is 40\u00b13mHz, corresponding to an incident activity on the chip of 7\u00b14Bq. The estimation of the incident activity sensitivity from the detected activity relies on geometric acceptance and the measured efficiency vs. energy. We report the efficiency measurement, which is 0.08(2)% (0.0011(2)%) at 26.3keV (59.5keV). Taking calorimetric information into account we measure a minimal detectable rate of 4\u00b11mHz (1.5\u00b11mHz) for 26.3keV (59.5keV) \u03b3-rays, which corresponds to an incident activity of 1.0\u00b16Bq (57\u00b133Bq). Toy Monte Carlo and Geant4 simulations agree with these results. These results show this CMOS sensor is well-suited as a \u03b3- and X-ray detector with sensitivity at the few to 100 ppb level for 210Pb in a sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"5746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dosimetry and Calorimetry Performance of a Scientific CMOS Camera for Environmental Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9279-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Aguilar-Arevalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, A. P. 70-543, Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Bertou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro At\u00f3mico Bariloche, CNEA\/CONICET\/IB, Bariloche 8400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Canet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico 04110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0007-8660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Cruz-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5372-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Deisting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7093-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"D\u2019Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, A. P. 70-543, Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Favela-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, A. P. 70-543, Mexico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro At\u00f3mico Bariloche, CNEA\/CONICET\/IB, Bariloche 8400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela A.","family":"Garc\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A. P. 20-364, Mexico 01000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adiv","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A. P. 20-364, Mexico 01000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1994-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime Octavio","family":"Guerra-Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, A. P. 70-543, Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mancera-Alejandrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6038-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Jos\u00e9","family":"Mar\u00edn-L\u00e1mbarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, A. 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