{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:19:29Z","timestamp":1760239169374,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The future development of communication systems will create a great demand for the internet of things (IOT), where the overall control of all IOT nodes will become an important problem. Considering the essential issues of miniaturization and energy conservation, in this study, a new data downlink system is designed in which all IOT nodes harvest energy first and then receive data. To avoid the unsolvable problem of pre-locating all positions of vast IOT nodes, a device called the power and data beacon (PDB) is proposed. This acts as a relay station for energy and data. In addition, we model future scenes in which a communication system is assisted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), large intelligent surfaces (LISs), and PDBs. In this paper, we propose and solve the problem of determining the optimal flight trajectory to reach the minimum energy consumption or minimum time consumption. Four future feasible scenes are analyzed and then the optimization problems are solved based on numerical algorithms. Simulation results show that there are significant performance improvements in energy\/time with the deployment of LISs and reasonable UAV trajectory planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"5748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Data Downlink System in the Vast IOT Node Condition Assisted by UAV, Large Intelligent Surface, and Power and Data Beacon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianrun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102686","article-title":"Spectrum utilization efficiency in the cognitive radio enabled 5G-based IoT","volume":"164","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6589","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2974618","article-title":"Energy Efficiency in Security of 5G-Based IoT: An End-to-End Adaptive Approach","volume":"7","author":"Hellaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2978770","article-title":"Smart City IoT Services Creation Through Large-Scale Collaboration","volume":"7","author":"Cirillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vedady Moghadam, M.R., Zeng, Y., and Zhang, R. (2017, January 3\u20136). Waveform optimization for radio-frequency wireless power transfer: (Invited paper). Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 18th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2017.8227719"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2368999","article-title":"Wireless Networks with RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T., Park, H., Jung, Y., and Lee, S. (2020). Wi-Fi Backscatter System with Tag Sensors Using Multi-Antennas for Increased Data Rate and Reliability. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051314"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2931900","article-title":"Energy Efficiency Optimization for UAV-Assisted Backscatter Communications","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2952892","article-title":"Accessing From the Sky: A Tutorial on UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond","volume":"107","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaeedy, A., and Chong, E. (2020). 5G and UAVs for Mission-Critical Communications: Swift Network Recovery for Search-and-Rescue Operations. Mob. Networks Appl.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01542-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Wan, S., Chen, X., and Fan, P. (2017, January 4\u20138). Energy-Efficient 3D UAV-BS Placement versus Mobile Users\u2019 Density and Circuit Power. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2017.8269064"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2342736","article-title":"Optimal LAP Altitude for Maximum Coverage","volume":"3","author":"Kandeepan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2874531","article-title":"UAV-Aided MIMO Communications for 5G Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Li, Y., Jiang, M., Zhang, Q., and Qin, J. (2019). Joint Beamforming Design in Multi-Cluster MISO NOMA Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided Downlink Communication Networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2961670","article-title":"Passive Beamforming and Information Transfer via Large Intelligent Surface","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8238","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2923997","article-title":"Large Intelligent Surface-Assisted Wireless Communication Exploiting Statistical CSI","volume":"68","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Zappone, A., Debbah, M., and Yuen, C. (2018, January 15\u201320). Achievable Rate Maximization by Passive Intelligent Mirrors. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461496"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, Z., and Aissa, S. (2020, January 7\u201311). Leveraging UAVs with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Energy-Efficient Communications with Cell-Edge Users. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145273"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zeng, Y., and Zhang, R. (2017, January 11\u201313). UAV-enabled multiuser wireless power transfer: Trajectory design and energy optimization. Proceedings of the 23rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.23919\/APCC.2017.8304077"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2665629","article-title":"Wirelessly Powered Backscatter Communication Networks: Modeling, Coverage, and Capacity","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9911","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2861899","article-title":"Dynamic Base Station Sleep Control and RF Chain Activation for Energy-Efficient Millimeter-Wave Cellular Systems","volume":"67","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2883093","article-title":"Resource Allocation and Basestation Placement in Cellular Networks With Wireless Powered UAVs","volume":"68","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards Large Intelligent Surface (LIS)-based Communications","volume":"1","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2329","article-title":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Network: Joint Active and Passive Beamforming Design","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2732444","article-title":"Unified Stochastic Geometry Modeling and Analysis of Cellular Networks in LOS\/NLOS and Shadowed Fading","volume":"65","author":"Trigui","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2902559","article-title":"Energy Minimization for Wireless Communication With Rotary-Wing UAV","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2580510","article-title":"Device-to-Device Millimeter Wave Communications: Interference, Coverage, Rate, and Finite Topologies","volume":"15","author":"Venugopal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2014.2334278","article-title":"Channel Estimation and Hybrid Precoding for Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems","volume":"8","author":"Alkhateeb","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7994","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2933203","article-title":"Channel Estimation and Self-Positioning for UAV Swarm","volume":"67","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.1996.500234","article-title":"An Introduction to Optimization","volume":"38","author":"Chong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2807558","article-title":"Fast Genetic Algorithm Path Planner for Fixed-Wing Military UAV Using GPU","volume":"54","author":"Roberge","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5748\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:18:55Z","timestamp":1760177935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]}}}