{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:50:40Z","timestamp":1767703840564,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INAIL, Italy","award":["CIG Z67244F3B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIG Z67244F3B1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of loads acting on running specific prostheses (RSP), and in particular on running prosthetic feet (RPF), is crucial for evaluating athletes\u2019 technique, designing safe feet, and biomechanical modelling. The aim of this work was to develop a J-shaped and a C-shaped wearable instrumented running prosthetic foot (iRPF) starting from commercial RPF, suitable for load data collection on the track. The sensing elements are strain gauge bridges mounted on the foot in a configuration that allows decoupling loads parallel and normal to the socket-foot clamp during the stance phase. The system records data on lightweight athlete-worn loggers and transmits them via Wi-Fi to a base station for real-time monitoring. iRPF calibration procedure and static and dynamic validation of predicted ground-reaction forces against those measured by a force platform embedded in the track are reported. The potential application of this wearable system in estimating determinants of sprint performance is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"5758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of Instrumented Running Prosthetic Feet for the Collection of Track Loads on Elite Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Petrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianfabio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianmario","family":"Foscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Mazzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Migliore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAIL, Via Rabuina 14, 40054 Vigorso di Budrio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Giovanni","family":"Cutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAIL, Via Rabuina 14, 40054 Vigorso di Budrio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3951\/sobim.38.105","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses: The history, mechanics, and controversy","volume":"38","author":"Hobara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soc. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/19346182.2008.9648476","article-title":"Biomechanics of double transtibial amputee sprinting using dedicated sprinting prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Arampatzis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sport. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0729","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses limit ground-force during sprinting","volume":"6","author":"Grabowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1991","article-title":"Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements","volume":"89","author":"Weyand","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.009","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: Spring-like leg behavior and stiffness regulation using running-specific prostheses","volume":"46","author":"Hobara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2016-0356","article-title":"Association of sprint performance with ground reaction forces during acceleration and maximal speed phases in a single sprint","volume":"34","author":"Nagahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0008","article-title":"Ground reaction forces during sprinting in unilateral transfemoral amputees","volume":"33","author":"Makimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107248","article-title":"Comparison of 3 Methods for Computing Loading Rate during Running","volume":"37","author":"Ueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01087-9","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Crossover Studies Comparing Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Measures Between Treadmill and Overground Running","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2008.05.007","article-title":"Carbon Fibre Prostheses and Running in Amputees: A review","volume":"14","author":"Nolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Migliore, G.L., Petrone, N., Hobara, H., Nagahara, R., Miyashiro, K., Costa, G.F., Gri, A., and Cutti, A.G. (2020). Innovative alignment of sprinting prostheses for persons with transfemoral amputation: Exploratory study on a gold medal Paralympic athlete. Prosthet. Orthot. Int.","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620946910"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2013.62015","article-title":"How should we assess the mechanical properties of lower-limb prosthesis technology used in elite sport?\u2014An initial investigation","volume":"6","author":"Dyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616660249","article-title":"Characterisation of the responsive properties of two running-specific prosthetic models","volume":"41","author":"Grobler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, O.N., Taboga, P., and Grabowski, A.M. (2016). Characterizing the mechanical properties of running-specific prostheses. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168298"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrone, N., Costa, G., Foscan, G., Bettella, F., Migliore, G., and Cutti, A.G. (2020). Conceptual Design of a New Multi-Component Test Bench for the Dynamic Characterization of Running Specific Prostheses. Proceedings, 49.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2020049075"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8272","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2920179","article-title":"Instrumented Pyramid Adapter for Amputee Gait Analysis and Powered Prosthesis Control","volume":"19","author":"Gabert","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, D.A., and Petrone, N. (2016). Sensors and Wearable Technologies in Sport: Technologies, Trends and Approaches for Implementation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0992-1_5"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"69","article-title":"Braking and propulsive impulses across a range of running speeds in unilateral transfemoral amputees","volume":"37","author":"Sakata","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISBS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00016","article-title":"The Effect of Prosthetic Alignment on Prosthetic and Total Leg Stiffness While Running With Simulated Running-Specific Prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Groothuis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrone, N., Costa, G., Foscan, G., Gri, A., Boekestijn, R., Migliore, G., and Cutti, A.G. (2020). Collection of Structural Loads Acting on Instrumented Running Specific Prostheses during Field Tests on Elite Atletes. Proceedings, 49.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2020049074"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:19:09Z","timestamp":1760177949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205758","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]}}}