{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T08:03:42Z","timestamp":1778918622512,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that the curing residual stress induced during a fabrication process has a great influence on the performance of piezoelectric composite devices. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the residual thermal stress of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric fiber aluminum (Al) matrix (piezoelectric fiber\/Al) composites generated during fabrication numerically and experimentally and to understand the effect of the residual thermal stress on the electromechanical response. The three-dimensional finite element method was employed, and the residual stress generated during the solidification process of the Al matrix was calculated. The output voltage was also calculated in the analysis when putting stresses on the composite materials in the length direction of the piezoelectric fiber. It was shown that the cooling from higher temperatures increases the electromechanical conversion capability. Furthermore, we also performed the simulation, and we recorded the output voltage under concentrated load to investigate its application as a load position detection sensor, and we also discussed the influence of the position by changing the modeling with a different fiber position in the Al. The residual stress of hot press molded piezoelectric fiber\/Al composite was then measured, and the comparison was made with the calculated values. The simulation results revealed that our model predictions reproduced and explained the experimental observations of curing residual stress. After this study, similar models of composite materials can be analyzed by this simulation, and the result can be used to design piezoelectric composite materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"5799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Electromechanical Response and Residual Thermal Stress of Metal-Core Piezoelectric Fiber \/Al Matrix Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yinli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Yanaseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1224-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 302-8564, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Asanuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumio","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700743","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201700743","article-title":"A Review on Piezoelectric, Magnetostrictive, and Magnetoelectric Materials and Device Technologies for Energy Harvesting Applications","volume":"20","author":"Narita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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