{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:42:48Z","timestamp":1777272168205,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University","award":["LK1113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LK1113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the homodyne detection, a compact and cost-effective all-fiber laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) with high resolution is presented. For the signal processing, the discrimination algorithm combined with the nonorthogonal correction is applied. The algorithm corrects the quadrature imbalance and other nonlinearity. In the calibration experiment, with the glass pasted on a piezoceramic transducer (PZT), the velocity resolution of 62 nm\/s at 4 kHz and displacement resolution of 2.468 pm are achieved. For the LDV-based acousto-optic communication, the minimum detectable sound pressure level (SPL) reached 0.12 Pa under the hydrostatic air-water surface. The results demonstrate that the designed homodyne LDV has a low system background noise and can offer high precision in the vibration measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"5801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Development of a High-Resolution All-Fiber Homodyne Laser Doppler Vibrometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for High Performance Fiber Composites, School of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for High Performance Fiber Composites, School of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for High Performance Fiber Composites, School of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for High Performance Fiber Composites, School of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2005.11.015","article-title":"Laser Doppler vibrometry: Development of advanced solutions answering to technology\u2019s needs","volume":"20","author":"Castellini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.10.023","article-title":"An international review of laser Doppler vibrometry: Making light work of vibration measurement","volume":"99","author":"Rothberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4970957","article-title":"Optical detection of mach shock wave cones in water using refracto-vibrometry","volume":"140","author":"Huber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.000971","article-title":"Analysis of backscattering characteristics of objects for remote laser voice acquisition","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921716636336","article-title":"Damage imaging using non-contact air-coupled transducer\/laser Doppler vibrometer system","volume":"15","author":"Harb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"084105","article-title":"Structural design and thermal analysis of the vehicle LIDAR system","volume":"59","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.12.050","article-title":"Ultrasonic spectroscopic analysis of impact damage in composites by using laser vibrometry","volume":"211","author":"Derusova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"040047","article-title":"Investigation of dynamic characteristics of carbon composites by laser Doppler vibrometry","volume":"2053","author":"Krasnoveikina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. AIP"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-013-0077-1","article-title":"Novel applications of laser Doppler vibration measurements to medical imaging","volume":"14","author":"Tabatabai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12638","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory interactions: Noncontact assessment using laser Doppler vibrometry","volume":"53","author":"Sirevaag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antognoli, L., Moccia, S., Migliorelli, L., Casaccia, S., Scalise, L., and Frontoni, E. (2020). Heartbeat detection by Laser Doppler Vibrometry and Machine Learning. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185362"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., and Jeong, J. (2020). Non-Contact Measurement of Human Respiration and Heartbeat Using W-band Doppler Radar Sensor. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185209"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9054","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.009054","article-title":"Use of photoacoustic excitation and laser vibrometry to remotely detect trace explosives","volume":"55","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19148","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.019148","article-title":"Photo-vibrational spectroscopy of solid and liquid chemicals using laser Doppler vibrometer","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-8166(95)00072-0","article-title":"The new laser Doppler Accelerometer for shock and vibration measurement","volume":"25","author":"Rothberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70980J","DOI":"10.1117\/12.803001","article-title":"Comparative studies of principal vibration parameters of a building using an LDV, laser tilt and vibration sensors, and piezoelectric accelerometers","volume":"7098","author":"Passia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2020.106133","article-title":"Underwater vibration analysis method for rotating propeller blades using laser Doppler vibrometer","volume":"132","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/09500348714550811","article-title":"Quantum theory of optical homodyne and heterodyne detection","volume":"34","author":"Collett","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.09.028","article-title":"Remote audio signals detection using a partial-fiber laser Doppler vibrometer","volume":"130","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"080004","article-title":"Continuous scanning laser Doppler vibrometry and wavelet processing for diagnostics: A time domain approach","volume":"1740","author":"Chiariotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. AIP"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.378788","article-title":"Research on five-channel fiber-based laser Doppler vibrometer for underwater acoustic field measurement","volume":"59","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radzie\u0144ski, M., Kudela, P., Marzani, A., Marchi, L.D., and Ostachowicz, W. (2019). Damage identification in various types of composite plates using guided waves excited by a piezoelectric transducer and measured by a laser vibrometer. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091958"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107255","article-title":"Establishing correction solutions for Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer measurements affected by sensor head vibration","volume":"150","author":"Halkon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20255","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.020255","article-title":"Dual-frequency laser Doppler velocimeter for speckle noise reduction and coherence enhancement","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.006230","article-title":"Long-range vibration detection system using heterodyne interferometry","volume":"54","author":"Rzasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27410-4","article-title":"Design of a high-precision and non-contact dynamic angular displacement measurement with dual-laser Doppler vibrometers","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.004423","article-title":"Birefringent dual-frequency laser Doppler velocimeter using a low-frequency lock-in amplifier technique for high-resolution measurements","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2019.105952","article-title":"All-fiber monostatic pulsed laser Doppler vibrometer: A digital signal processing method to eliminate cochannel interference","volume":"124","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.163364","article-title":"Laser Doppler signal processing based on trispectral interpolation of nuttall window","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.0972","article-title":"Calibration of laser Doppler vibrometer exploiting Bessel functions of the first kind","volume":"51","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2017.03.002","article-title":"Multichannel fiber laser Doppler vibrometer studies of low momentum and hypervelocity impacts","volume":"99","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.125504","article-title":"Multiple reflection assisted laser Doppler vibrometer setup for high resolution displacement measurement","volume":"464","author":"Pachisia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/7\/4\/009","article-title":"Correction of nonlinearity in one-frequency optical interferometry","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1842","article-title":"Noisy Doppler signal processing for homodyne laser vibrometer system","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Laser"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081201","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201109.081201","article-title":"Experiment study on minimum resolvable velocity for heterodyne laser Doppler vibrometry","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:20:47Z","timestamp":1760178047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}}}