{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:38:55Z","timestamp":1780720735939,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement","award":["643636 \u201cSound of Vision\u201d."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["643636 \u201cSound of Vision\u201d."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presented the assessment of cognitive load (as an effective real-time index of task difficulty) and the level of brain activation during an experiment in which eight visually impaired subjects performed two types of tasks while using the white cane and the Sound of Vision assistive device with three types of sensory input\u2014audio, haptic, and multimodal (audio and haptic simultaneously). The first task was to identify object properties and the second to navigate and avoid obstacles in both the virtual environment and real-world settings. The results showed that the haptic stimuli were less intuitive than the audio ones and that the navigation with the Sound of Vision device increased cognitive load and working memory. Visual cortex asymmetry was lower in the case of multimodal stimulation than in the case of separate stimulation (audio or haptic). There was no correlation between visual cortical activity and the number of collisions during navigation, regardless of the type of navigation or sensory input. The visual cortex was activated when using the device, but only for the late-blind users. For all the subjects, the navigation with the Sound of Vision device induced a low negative valence, in contrast with the white cane navigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1602752523000},"page":"5821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cognitive and Affective Assessment of Navigation and Mobility Tasks for the Visually Impaired via Electroencephalography and Behavioral Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Robert-Gabriel","family":"Lupu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Ia\u0219i, 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6822-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Mitru\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Stan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Ia\u0219i, 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florina","family":"Ungureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Ia\u0219i, 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Kalimeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Interchange, Via Chisola 5, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin","family":"Moldoveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, September 10). 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