{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:20:30Z","timestamp":1760239230467,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YJS015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YJS015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4182048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4182048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the emergence of vehicular Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, it is a significant challenge for vehicular IoT systems to obtain higher throughput in vehicle-to-cloud multipath transmission. Network Coding (NC) has been recognized as a promising paradigm for improving vehicular wireless network throughput by reducing packet loss in transmission. However, existing researches on NC do not consider the influence of the rapid quality change of wireless links on NC schemes, which poses a great challenge to dynamically adjust the coding rate according to the variation of link quality in vehicle-to-cloud multipath transmission in order to avoid consuming unnecessary bandwidth resources and to increase network throughput. Therefore, we propose an Adaptive Network Coding (ANC) scheme brought by the novel integration of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) into the NC scheme to efficiently adjust the coding rate according to the estimated packet loss rate (PLR). The ANC scheme conquers the rapid change of wireless link quality to obtain the utmost throughput and reduce the packet loss in transmission. In terms of the throughput performance, the simulations and real experiment results show that the ANC scheme outperforms state-of-the-art NC schemes for vehicular wireless multipath transmission in vehicular IoT systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T20:44:41Z","timestamp":1603140281000},"page":"5902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Adaptive Network Coding Scheme for Multipath Transmission in Cellular-Based Vehicular Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyang","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5842-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4235-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1677-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Guizani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21159","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968948","article-title":"StabTrust\u2014A Stable and Centralized Trust-Based Clustering Mechanism for IoT Enabled Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","volume":"8","author":"Awan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2020.2992630","article-title":"Federated Learning for Vehicular Internet of Things: Recent Advances and Open Issues","volume":"1","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. 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