{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:20:54Z","timestamp":1760239254875,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011698","name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBPLY\/19\/180501\/000102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are a source of renewable energy and are used for both industrial and domestic purposes. The study of noise characteristics of a VAWT is an important performance parameter for the turbine. This study focuses on the development of a linear microphone array and measuring acoustic signals on a cambered five-bladed 45 W VAWT in an anechoic chamber at different tip speed ratios. The sound pressure level spectrum of VAWT shows that tonal noises such as blade passing frequencies dominate at lower frequencies whereas broadband noise corresponds to all audible ranges of frequencies. This study shows that the major portion of noise from the source is dominated by aerodynamic noises generated due to vortex generation and trailing edge serrations. The research also predicts that dynamic stall is evident in the lower Tip speed ratio (TSR) region making smaller TSR values unsuitable for a quiet VAWT. This paper compares the results of linear aeroacoustic array with a 128-MEMS acoustic camera with higher resolution. The study depicts a 3 dB margin between two systems at lower TSR values. The research approves the usage of the 8 mic linear array for small radius rotary machinery considering the results comparison with a NORSONIC camera and its resolution. These observations serve as a basis for noise reduction and blade optimization techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"5954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development of a Linear Acoustic Array for Aero-Acoustic Quantification of Camber-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abdul Hadi","family":"Butt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manzoore Elahi M","family":"Soudagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9245-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto Pedro","family":"Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenium Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Md. Yamin","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, AJK, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5177-4554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, F.P.G., Karyotakis, A., and Papaelias, M. (2018). Renewable Energies: Business Outlook 2050, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Perez, J.M.P., Asensio, E.S., and M\u00e1rquez, F.P.G. (2014). Economic Viability Analytics for Wind Energy Maintenance Management, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, C.Q.G., and M\u00e1rquez, F.P.G. (2018). Wind energy power prospective. Renewable Energies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45364-4_6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghian, O., Moradzadeh, A., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., Abapour, M., and M\u00e1rquez, F.P.G. (2020). Generation Units Maintenance in Combined Heat and Power Integrated Systems Using the Mixed Integer Quadratic Programming Approach. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112840"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pedersen, E., and Halmstad, H.I. (2020, June 02). Noise Annoyance from Wind Turbines: A Review. Available online: https:\/\/www.naturvardsverket.se\/Documents\/publikationer\/620-5308-6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012083","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/75\/1\/012083","article-title":"Prediction and reduction of noise from a 2.3 MW wind turbine","volume":"75","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J.-H., and Ha, K. (2020). Evaluation of Wind Flow Characteristics by RANS-Based Numerical Site Calibration (NSC) Method with Met-Tower Measurements and Its Application to a Complex Terrain. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13195121"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100","article-title":"Effects of wind turbines on upland nesting birds in Conservation Reserve Program grasslands","volume":"111","author":"Leddy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.107","article-title":"A procedure for deriving wind turbine noise limits by taking into account annoyance","volume":"648","author":"Fredianelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Brooks, T.F., Pope, D.S., and Marcolini, M.A. (2020, June 02). Airfoil Self-Noise and Prediction, Available online: https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/citations\/19890016302."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.026","article-title":"Economic viability analysis for icing blades detection in wind turbines","volume":"135","author":"Perez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.08.050","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear features and machine learning for wind turbine blade ice detection and diagnosis","volume":"132","author":"Moraleda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, F.P.G., and Mu\u00f1oz, C.Q.G. (2020). A New Approach for Fault Detection, Location and Diagnosis by Ultrasonic Testing. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13051192"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, F.P.G., Ram\u00edrez, I.S., and Marug\u00e1n, A.P. (2019). Decision Making using Logical Decision Tree and Binary Decision Diagrams: A Real Case Study of Wind Turbine Manufacturing. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091753"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.12.100","article-title":"Reduction of the generated aero-acoustics noise of a vertical axis wind turbine using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques","volume":"96","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-460X(81)80158-7","article-title":"Trailing edge noise prediction from measured surface pressures","volume":"78","author":"Brooks","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.08.057","article-title":"Effect of blade flutter and electrical loading on small wind turbine noise","volume":"50","author":"Vick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harput, S., Bozkurt, A., and Yamaner, F.Y. (2008, January 2\u20135). Ultrasonic phased array device for real-time acoustic imaging in air. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2008.0148"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103448","article-title":"Transportation Noise and Blood Pressure in a Population-Based Sample of Adults","volume":"120","author":"Dratva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2006.07.032","article-title":"Location and quantification of noise sources on a wind turbine","volume":"299","author":"Oerlemans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhao, K., Lu, X.-Y., Song, Y., and Bennett, G.J. (2019). Bio-Inspired Aerodynamic Noise Control: A Bibliographic Review. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112224"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, Y., Zang, B., and Azarpeyvand, M. (2020, January 6\u201310). A preliminary study of dynamic stall noise. Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2020-1254"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Snortland, A., Polagye, B., and Williams, O. (2019, January 1\u20139). Influence of Near-blade hydrodynamics on Cross-flow Turbine performance. Proceedings of the 13th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.05.098","article-title":"Aero-acoustics prediction of a vertical axis wind turbine using Large Eddy Simulation and acoustic analogy","volume":"88","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2015.05.011","article-title":"Aeroacoustic noise prediction for wind turbines using Large Eddy Simulation","volume":"145","author":"Wasala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112097007349","article-title":"Influence of camber on sound generation by airfoils interacting with high-frequency gusts","volume":"353","author":"Myers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.03.018","article-title":"Long time measurements of noise from wind turbines","volume":"277","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajese.20190304.14","article-title":"Acoustic Camera Design with Different Types of MEMS Microphone Arrays","volume":"3","author":"Grubesa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918809","article-title":"Estimation of Aircraft Sound Direction of Arrival Using Directional-Microphone Arrays","volume":"101","author":"Svensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Garcia, J.J., and Alloza, P. (2020, June 02). Noise Localization Using a Low-Cost Microphone Array. Available online: http:\/\/www.sea-acustica.es\/fileadmin\/INTERNOISE_2019\/Fchrs\/Proceedings\/1765.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Blanchard, T., Thomas, J.-H., and Raoof, K. (2020, June 02). Acoustic Localization Estimation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Microphone Array. Available online: http:\/\/www.sea-acustica.es\/fileadmin\/INTERNOISE_2019\/Fchrs\/Proceedings\/2008.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.07.010","article-title":"Optimization of a spherical microphone array geometry for localizing acoustic sources using the generalized cross-correlation technique","volume":"132","author":"Padois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J058016","article-title":"Cross-Correlation-Based Identification of Rotating Sources","volume":"57","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1902429","article-title":"The Design of Anechoic Sound Chambers","volume":"18","author":"Beranek","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-682X(71)90008-9","article-title":"Polyurethane ether foam wedges for anechoic chamber","volume":"4","author":"Davern","year":"1971","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasupuleti, S., Horne, K., Beedy, J., Guzman, A., Doroudian, M., Sivakumar, P., Mann, A., and Kim, M. (2020, June 02). Acoustic Performance Analysis of Automotive HVAC Duct Designs Using a Lattice-Boltzmann Based Method and Correlation with Hemi-Anechoic Chamber. Available online: https:\/\/www.sae.org\/publications\/technical-papers\/content\/2020-01-1263\/.","DOI":"10.4271\/2020-01-1263"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EL111","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4904915","article-title":"Experimental characterization of vertical-axis wind turbine noise","volume":"137","author":"Pearson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2020.0025","article-title":"Microphone Array Geometries for Horizontal Spatial Audio Object Capture with Beamforming","volume":"68","author":"Galindo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Audio Eng. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Pearson, C. (2020, June 02). Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Acoustics. Available online: https:\/\/www.repository.cam.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/1810\/245256\/Thesis%20-%20VAWT%20Noise%20-%20Charlie%20Pearson.pdf;sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/we.1581","article-title":"Demonstrating that power and instantaneous loads are decoupled in a vertical-axis wind turbine","volume":"17","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2016.02.046","article-title":"Characterization of nonlinear behavior of an airfoil under stall-induced pitching oscillations","volume":"372","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:25:21Z","timestamp":1760178321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/20\/5954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s20205954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20205954","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]}}}