{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1774447447724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["721577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["721577"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurological pathologies can alter the swinging movement of the arms during walking. The quantification of arm swings has therefore a high clinical relevance. This study developed and validated a wearable sensor-based arm swing algorithm for healthy adults and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PwP). Arm swings of 15 healthy adults and 13 PwP were evaluated (i) with wearable sensors on each wrist while walking on a treadmill, and (ii) with reflective markers for optical motion capture fixed on top of the respective sensor for validation purposes. The gyroscope data from the wearable sensors were used to calculate several arm swing parameters, including amplitude and peak angular velocity. Arm swing amplitude and peak angular velocity were extracted with systematic errors ranging from 0.1 to 0.5\u00b0 and from \u22120.3 to 0.3\u00b0\/s, respectively. These extracted parameters were significantly different between healthy adults and PwP as expected based on the literature. An accurate algorithm was developed that can be used in both clinical and daily-living situations. This algorithm provides the basis for the use of wearable sensor-extracted arm swing parameters in healthy adults and patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"5963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Quantification of Arm Swing during Walking in Healthy Adults and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: Wearable Sensor-Based Algorithm Development and Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2343-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Warmerdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstra\u00dfe 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2507-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robbin","family":"Romijnders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstra\u00dfe 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Welzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstra\u00dfe 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Maetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Arnold-Heller-Stra\u00dfe 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.02.006","article-title":"The how and why of arm swing during human walking","volume":"38","author":"Meyns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.04.204","article-title":"Arm swing in human walking: What is their drive?","volume":"40","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirelman, A., Bernad-Elazari, H., Nobel, T., Thaler, A., Peruzzi, A., Plotnik, M., Giladi, N., and Hausdorff, J.M. 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