{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:55:02Z","timestamp":1777564502210,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Observation of neuromotor development at an early stage of an infant\u2019s life allows for early diagnosis of deficits and the beginning of the therapeutic process. General movement assessment is a method of spontaneous movement observation, which is the foundation for contemporary attempts at objectification and computer-aided diagnosis based on video recordings\u2019 analysis. The present study attempts to automatically detect writhing movements, one of the normal general movement categories presented by newborns in the first weeks of life. A set of 31 recordings of newborns on the second and third day of life was divided by five experts into videos containing writhing movements (with occurrence time) and poor repertoire, characterized by a lower quality of movement in relation to the norm. Novel, objective pose-based features describing the scope, nature, and location of each limb\u2019s movement are proposed. Three machine learning algorithms are evaluated in writhing movements\u2019 detection in leave-one-out cross-validation for different feature extraction time windows and overlapping time. The experimental results make it possible to indicate the optimal parameters for which 80% accuracy was achieved. Based on automatically detected writhing movement percent in the video, infant movements are classified as writhing movements or poor repertoire with an area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curve of 0.83.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20215986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"5986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Writhing Movement Detection in Newborns on the Second and Third Day of Life Using Pose-Based Feature Machine Learning Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Doroniewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Ledwo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Affanasowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kieszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Latos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Matyja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"given":"Andrzej W.","family":"Mitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"My\u015bliwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"526","article-title":"Motor development, its effect on general development, and application to the treatment of cerebral palsy","volume":"57","author":"Bobath","year":"1971","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciuraj, M., Kieszczy\u0144ska, K., Doroniewicz, I., and Lipowicz, A. 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