{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:04:12Z","timestamp":1763748252457,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52002284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52002284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2018YFB0105804","2018YFB0104805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0105804","2018YFB0104805"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the core issues of autonomous vehicles, vehicle motion control directly affects vehicle safety and user experience. Therefore, it is expected to design a simple, reliable, and robust path following the controller that can handle complex situations. To deal with the longitudinal motion control problem, a speed tracking controller based on sliding mode control with nonlinear conditional integrator is proposed, and its stability is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Then, a linear parameter varying model predictive control (LPV-MPC) based lateral controller is formulated that the optimization problem is solved by CVXGEN. The nonlinear active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method is applied to the second lateral controller that is easy to be implemented and robust to parametric uncertainties and disturbances, and the pure pursuit algorithm serves as a benchmark. Simulation results in different scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes, and a comparison is made to highlight the advantages and drawbacks. It can be concluded that the LPV-MPC has some trouble to handle uncertainties while the nonlinear ADRC performs slight worse tracking but has strong robustness. With the parallel development of the control theory and computing power, robust MPC may be the future direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T03:51:47Z","timestamp":1603684307000},"page":"6052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Design, Validation and Comparison of Path Following Controllers for Autonomous Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Postdoctoral Station of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6456-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dequan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guirong","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2016.2578706","article-title":"A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-Driving Urban Vehicles","volume":"1","author":"Paden","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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