{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T21:28:40Z","timestamp":1784150920227,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61527819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61527819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61875146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61875146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program (High-Tech Field) of Shanxi Province","award":["201903D121177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201903D121177"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program (High-Tech Field) of Shanxi Province","award":["201803D121064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803D121064"]}]},{"name":"Sanjin Scholar Distinguished Professors (expert) Support Program of Shanxi Province","award":["201617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201617"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of Colleges and Universities in Shanxi Province","award":["2019L0290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019L0290"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with conventional laser, random laser (RL) has no resonant cavity, reducing the requirement of cavity design. In recent years, the random fiber laser (RFL), a novel kind of RL, has made great progress in theories and experiments. The RFL has a simpler structure, a more flexible design, and higher reliability. It has valuable applications for earth sciences, biological life sciences, and national defense security, due to these unique properties. This paper reviews the development of RFLs in the last decade, including their configurations based on various optical fibers and their output properties, especially the method of control. Moreover, we also introduce their applications in the optical fiber sensing system, which is a very important and practical orientation to study. Finally, this paper presents the prospects of RFLs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"6122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Advances in Random Fiber Lasers and Their Sensing Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8097-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"The LASER, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation","volume":"15","author":"Gould","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann Arbor"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Zur quantentheorie der strahlung","volume":"18","author":"Einstein","year":"1916","journal-title":"Mitt. Phys. Ges."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"121","article-title":"Quantum theory of radiation","volume":"18","author":"Einstein","year":"1917","journal-title":"Phy. Z."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.95.282","article-title":"Molecular microwave oscillator and new hyperfine structure in the microwave spectrum of NH3","volume":"95","author":"Gordon","year":"1954","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"249","article-title":"Possible methods of obtaining active molecules for a molecular oscillator","volume":"28","author":"Basov","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Exp. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"560","article-title":"Theory of the molecular generator and molecular power amplifier","volume":"30","author":"Basov","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Exp. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/187493a0","article-title":"Stimulated optical radiation in ruby","volume":"187","author":"Maiman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sojka, L., Pajewski, L., Lamrini, S., Farries, M., Benson, T.M., Seddon, A.B., and Sujecki, S. (2020). Experimental investigation of actively Q-switched Er3+: ZBLAN fiber laser operating at around 2.8 \u00b5m. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164642"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.82.2278","article-title":"Random laser action in semiconductor powder","volume":"82","author":"Cao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1862312","article-title":"Stimulated emission and laser of random-growth oriented ZnO nanowires","volume":"97","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys971","article-title":"The physics and applications of random lasers","volume":"4","author":"Wiersma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2290191","article-title":"Single longitudinal mode Brillouin fiber laser with cascaded ring Fabry\u2013Perot resonator","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"212","article-title":"Stimulated emission of an ensemble of scattering particles with negative absorption","volume":"5","author":"Letokhov","year":"1967","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"835","article-title":"Generation of light by a scattering medium with negative resonance absorption","volume":"26","author":"Letokhov","year":"1968","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. JETP"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubatsch, A., and Frank, R. (2019). A self-consistent quantum field theory for random lasing. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201906.0078.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59236-4","article-title":"Two-dimensional wrinkle resonators for random lasing in organic glasses","volume":"10","author":"Hoinka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/368436a0","article-title":"Laser action in strongly scattering media","volume":"368","author":"Lawandy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/373203b0","article-title":"Random laser?","volume":"373","author":"Wiersma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/373204a0","article-title":"Random laser?","volume":"373","author":"Lawandy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1070\/QE1986v016n02ABEH005792","article-title":"Luminescence and stimulated emission of neodymium in sodium lanthanum molybdate powders","volume":"16","author":"Markushev","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sov. J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.59.R5284","article-title":"Stimulated emission in high-gain organic media","volume":"59","author":"Frolov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/713738384","article-title":"Light transport in opaque liquid crystal structures","volume":"375","author":"Wiersma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033508","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3462443","article-title":"Random laser action in dye solutions containing St\u00f6ber silica nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Galembeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.005043","article-title":"Transition from nonresonant to resonant random lasers by the geometrical confinement of disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ghofraniha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2014.02.011","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fibre lasers","volume":"542","author":"Turitsyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083043","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/8\/083043","article-title":"Coherent transport and symmetry breaking\u2014Laser dynamics of constrained granular matter","volume":"16","author":"Lubatsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17000","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17000","article-title":"Tuning the quantum efficiency of random lasers\u2014Intrinsic Stokes-shift and gain","volume":"5","author":"Lubatsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1653605","article-title":"Stimulated emission in a periodic structure","volume":"18","author":"Kogelnik","year":"1971","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2445377","article-title":"Narrow-linewidth multi-wavelength random distributed feedback laser","volume":"33","author":"Leandro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.153903","article-title":"Random fiber laser","volume":"99","author":"Menezes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.4","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fibre laser","volume":"4","author":"Turitsyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2134833","article-title":"Multiwavelength Raman fiber lasers using Hi-Bi photonic crystal fiber loop mirrors combined with random cavities","volume":"29","author":"Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.000130","article-title":"Effect of Rayleigh-scattering distributed feedback on multiwavelength Raman fiber laser generation","volume":"36","author":"Eltaher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6572","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.006572","article-title":"Random-laser-based distributed fiber-optic amplification","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.003301","article-title":"Random fiber laser directly pumped by a high-power laser diode","volume":"38","author":"Babin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2014.01.081","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fiber laser pumped by an ytterbium doped fiber laser","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.004923","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fiber laser at 2.1 \u03bcm","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700326","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201700326","article-title":"Ultrafast Raman fiber laser with random distributed feedback","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.7.000516","article-title":"Recent advances in fundamentals and applications of random fiber lasers","volume":"7","author":"Churkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950035","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218863519500358","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fiber lasers: Impact of third-order dispersion","volume":"28","author":"Mazarei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6214","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7214","article-title":"Wave kinetics of random fibre lasers","volume":"2","author":"Churkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.001783","article-title":"Intensity dynamics and statistical properties of random distributed feedback fiber laser","volume":"40","author":"Gorbunov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17695","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.017695","article-title":"Long-distance fiber-optic point-sensing systems based on random fiber lasers","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2547868","article-title":"Random DFB fiber laser for remote (200 km) sensor monitoring using hybrid WDM\/TDM","volume":"34","author":"Leandro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2536650","article-title":"High-resolution sensor system using a random distributed feedback fiber laser","volume":"34","author":"Leandro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.002499","article-title":"Ultrahigh resolution optic fiber strain sensor with a frequency-locked random distributed feedback fiber laser","volume":"43","author":"Peide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18486","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.018486","article-title":"Cascaded random distributed feedback Raman fiber laser operating at 1.2 \u03bcm","volume":"19","author":"Vatnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075101","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-2011\/11\/7\/075101","article-title":"High-efficiency generation in a short random fiber laser","volume":"11","author":"Vatnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2344293","article-title":"High power random fiber laser with short cavity length: Theoretical and experimental investigations","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17138","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.017138","article-title":"Hundred-watt-level high power random distributed feedback Raman fiber laser at 1150 nm and its application in mid-infrared laser generation","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9112","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.009112","article-title":"Tapered fiber based high power random laser","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.003347","article-title":"More than 400 W random fiber laser with excellent beam quality","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8738","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.008738","article-title":"High-power low spatial coherence random fiber laser","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14400","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.014400","article-title":"Low threshold 2nd-order random laser of a fiber laser with a half-opened cavity","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033828","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.033828","article-title":"Raman fiber lasers with a random distributed feedback based on Rayleigh scattering","volume":"82","author":"Churkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2354633","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fiber laser based on combination of Er-doped fiber and single-mode fiber","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-019-0553-x","article-title":"LD-pumped random fiber laser based on erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29781","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.029781","article-title":"Random fiber laser directly generates visible to near-infrared supercontinuum","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002755","article-title":"Random fiber Bragg grating Raman fiber laser","volume":"39","author":"Gagne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.003197","article-title":"Low-noise Brillouin random fiber laser with a random grating-based resonator","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.000258","article-title":"Random fiber laser based on artificially controlled backscattering fibers","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.102125","article-title":"Random fiber laser based on an artificially controlled backscattering erbium-doped fiber","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075104","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-2011\/11\/7\/075104","article-title":"Efficient Raman fiber laser based on random Rayleigh distributed feedback with record high power","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.000571","article-title":"Short cavity-length random fiber laser with record power and ultrahigh efficiency","volume":"41","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.201600099","article-title":"High-power random distributed feedback fiber laser: From science to application","volume":"528","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-power and high-order random Raman fiber lasers","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.005609","article-title":"Incoherently pumped high-power linearly polarized single-mode random fiber laser: Experimental investigations and theoretical prospects","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.7.000977","article-title":"Pump scheme optimization of an incoherently pumped high-power random fiber laser","volume":"7","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002294","article-title":"Random spaced index modulation for a narrow line-width tunable fiber laser with low intensity noise","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2301018","article-title":"Multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium random fiber laser incorporating a chirped fiber Bragg grating","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/ofte.1998.0279","article-title":"Photonic crystal fibers: A new class of optical waveguides","volume":"5","author":"Broeng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024401","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/73\/2\/024401","article-title":"Recent progress and novel applications of photonic crystal fibers","volume":"73","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, F., and Ranjan, R. (2018). Arc-induced long period gratings from standard to polarization-maintaining and photonic crystal fibers. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030918"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurya, J.B., and Francois, A. (2018). Two-dimensional layered nanomaterial-based one-dimensional photonic crystal refractive index sensor. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030857"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013824","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.92.013824","article-title":"Random laser of dye-injected holey photonic-crystal fiber","volume":"92","author":"Yonenaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8969","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.008969","article-title":"Two-dimensional coherent random laser in photonic crystal fiber with dye-doped nematic liquid crystal","volume":"56","author":"Nagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.001920","article-title":"Random Fabry\u2013Perot resonator-based sub-kHz Brillouin fiber laser to improve spectral resolution in line-width measurement","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.001866","article-title":"Observation of narrow line-width spikes in the coherent Brillouin random fiber laser","volume":"38","author":"Pang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27155","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.027155","article-title":"Frequency stabilized coherent Brillouin random fiber laser: Theory and experiments","volume":"21","author":"Pang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2014.2382531","article-title":"Low Frequency-noise random fiber laser with bidirectional SBS and Rayleigh feedback","volume":"27","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.004839","article-title":"Random Brillouin fiber laser for tunable ultra-narrow line-width microwave generation","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiwavelength coherent Brillouin random fiber laser with ultrahigh optical signal-to-noise ratio","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2374614","article-title":"Tunable erbium-doped fiber laser based on random distributed feedback","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19067","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.019067","article-title":"Demonstration of a 3 mW threshold Er-doped random fiber laser based on a unique fiber Bragg grating","volume":"17","author":"Mathieu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"50","article-title":"Temperature-controlled mode selection of Er-doped random fiber laser with disordered Bragg gratings","volume":"03","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.03.044","article-title":"Narrow line-width short cavity Brillouin random laser based on Bragg Grating array fiber and dynamical population inversion gratings","volume":"9","author":"Popov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30052","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30052","article-title":"High-power ultralong-wavelength Tm-doped silica fiber laser cladding-pumped with a random distributed feedback fiber laser","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2291575","article-title":"Output Characterization of random fiber laser formed by dispersion compensated fiber","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8544","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.008544","article-title":"Random fiber laser formed by mixing dispersion compensated fiber and single mode fiber","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174692","article-title":"Protein determination with molecularly imprinted polymer recognition combined with birefringence liquid crystal detection","volume":"20","author":"Maciej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blank, A., Guendelman, G., and Linzon, Y. (2020). Vapor sensing with polymer coated straight optical fiber microtapers based on index sensitive interference spectroscopy of surface stress birefringence. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092675"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Zlobina, E.A., and Kablukov, S.I. (October, January 27). Linearly polarized cascaded random fiber laser with ultimate efficiency. Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical Communication, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.004074","article-title":"Linearly polarized random fiber laser with ultimate efficiency","volume":"40","author":"Zlobina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.000739","article-title":"Linearly polarized low-noise Brillouin random fiber laser","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11306","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.011306","article-title":"High-efficiency Brillouin random fiber laser using all-polarization maintaining ring cavity","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Zhang, M., Zhu, Y., Ye, W., Yang, F., and Wang, L. (2020). Analysis of the errors caused by disturbed multimode fibers in the interferometer with fiber-coupled delivery. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051513"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Q., and Wu, H. (2018, January 26\u201329). Spectral tailoring of random fiber laser utilizing multimode fiber. Proceedings of the Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACP.2018.8596121"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2019.2922354","article-title":"Open Cavity Controllable dual-wavelength hybrid Raman-erbium random fiber laser","volume":"11","author":"Abidin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2019.2909083","article-title":"An Efficient 4-kW level random fiber laser based on a tandem-pumping scheme","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Power scaling of narrow-line-width fiber amplifier seeded by Yb-doped random fiber laser","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35767-9","article-title":"2nd-order random laser in a multimode diode-pumped graded-index fiber","volume":"8","author":"Evmenova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Power Scaling of linearly polarized random fiber laser","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.005311","article-title":"Kilowatt-level fiber amplifier with spectral-broadening-free property, seeded by a random fiber laser","volume":"40","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Huang, L., and Xu, J. (August, January 31). A 621 W linearly polarized, near-diffraction-limited MOPA seeded by random fiber laser. Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rilm, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-017-9226-x","article-title":"Tandem pumping architecture enabled high power random fiber laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2271044","article-title":"Tunable Multi-wavelength fiber laser based on random Rayleigh back-scattering","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.003247","article-title":"Single-longitudinal-mode broadband tunable random laser","volume":"42","author":"Shawki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15828","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.015828","article-title":"Single-mode SOA-based 1kHz-linewidth dual-wavelength random fiber laser","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2017.2759262","article-title":"Stable multiwavelength erbium-doped random fiber laser","volume":"24","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.389071","article-title":"Broadband pumping enabled flat-amplitude multi-wavelength random Raman fiber laser","volume":"45","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16466","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.016466","article-title":"Narrow-band generation in random distributed feedback fiber laser","volume":"21","author":"Sugavanam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"558","article-title":"Narrow linewidth low frequency noise Er-doped fiber ring laser based on femtosecond laser induced random feedback","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28353","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.028353","article-title":"Tapered fiber based Brillouin random fiber laser and its application for linewidth measurement","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2805284","article-title":"Multi-wavelength Brillouin random fiber laser via distributed feedback from a random fiber grating","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roriz, P., Silva, S., Fraz\u00e3o, O., and Novais, S. (2020). Optical fiber temperature sensors and their biomedical applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072113"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2585742","article-title":"Tunable dual-wavelength random distributed feedback fiber laser with bidirectional pumping source","volume":"34","author":"Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045203","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/4\/045203","article-title":"Raman fibre Bragg-grating laser sensor with cooperative Rayleigh scattering for strain\u2013temperature measurement","volume":"20","author":"Correia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22448","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.022448","article-title":"Long-distance random fiber laser point sensing system incorporating active fiber","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2265916","article-title":"Ultra-long laser systems for remote fiber Bragg gratings arrays interrogation","volume":"25","author":"Fernandezvallejo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.58.006003","article-title":"Remote temperature sensing with a low-threshold-power erbium-doped fiber laser","volume":"58","author":"Jaharudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2019.2937009","article-title":"High-resolution static strain sensor based on random fiber laser and beat frequency interrogation","volume":"31","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.005132","article-title":"Adaptive demodulation of dynamic signals from fiber Bragg gratings using two-wave mixing technology","volume":"45","author":"Qiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11248","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211248","article-title":"Ultrasonic sensitivity of strain-insensitive fiber Bragg grating sensors and evaluation of ultrasound-induced strain","volume":"10","author":"Tsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001353","article-title":"Highly sensitive fiber random-grating-based random laser sensor for ultrasound detection","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2972021","article-title":"High-efficiency random fiber laser based on strong random fiber grating for MHz ultrasonic sensing","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24611","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.024611","article-title":"Hybrid distributed Raman amplification combining random fiber laser based 2nd-order and low-noise LD based 1st-order pumping","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2916413","article-title":"175-km Repeaterless BOTDA with hybrid high-order random fiber laser amplification","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:35Z","timestamp":1760178575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20216122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20216122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]}}}