{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:21:44Z","timestamp":1760239304675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20720170044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20720170044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Shenzhen, China","award":["JSGG20170414090428464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20170414090428464"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16JCQNJC01100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16JCQNJC01100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limitation of the available channel bandwidth and availability of a sustainable energy source for battery feed sensor nodes are the main challenges in the underwater acoustic communication. Unlike terrestrial\u2019s communication, using multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technologies to overcome the bandwidth limitation problem is highly restricted in underwater acoustic communication by high inter-channel interference (ICI) and the channel multipath effect. Recently, the spatial modulation techniques (SMTs) have been presented as an alternative solution to overcome these issues by transmitting more data bits using the spatial index of antennas transmission. This paper proposes a new scheme of SMT called spread-spectrum fully generalized spatial modulation (SS-FGSM) carrying the information bits not only using the constellated data symbols and index of active antennas as in conventional SMTs, but also transmitting the information bits by using the index of predefined spreading codes. Consequently, most of the information bits are transmitted in the index of the transmitter antenna, and the index of spreading codes. In the proposed scheme, only a few information bits are transmitted physically. By this way, consumed power transmission can be reduced, and we can save the energy of underwater nodes, as well as enhancing the channel utilization. To relax the receiver computational complexity, a low complexity deep learning (DL) detector is proposed for the SS-FGSM scheme as the first attempt in the underwater SMTs-based communication. The simulation results show that the proposed deep learning detector-based SS-FGSM (DLSS-FGSM), compared to the conventional SMTs, can significantly improve the system data rate, average bit error rate, energy efficiency, and receiver\u2019s computational complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"6134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Deep Learning-Based Spread-Spectrum FGSM for Underwater Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zeyad A. H.","family":"Qasem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7317-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamada","family":"Esmaiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4752683","article-title":"Signal Processing for Underwater Acoustic Communications","volume":"47","author":"Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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