{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:14:42Z","timestamp":1770520482633,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB0403603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0403603"]}]},{"name":"the NSFC project","award":["No.61925104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61925104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible light communication is an emerging high-speed optical wireless communication technology that can be a candidate to alleviate pressure on conventional radio frequency-based technology. In this paper, for the first time, the advanced modulation format of probabilistic shaping (PS) bit loading is investigated in a high data rate visible light communication system based on a 450-nm Gallium Nitride laser diode. The characteristic of the system is discussed and PS bit loading discrete multi-tone modulation helps to raise the spectral efficiency and improve the system performance. Higher entropy can be achieved in the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and modulation bandwidth limitation, comparing to bit and power loading. With PS bit loading, an available information rate (AIR) of 10.23 Gbps is successfully achieved at the signal bandwidth of 1.5 GHz in a 1.2 m free space transmission with normalized generalized mutual information above 0.92. And higher AIR can be anticipated with an entropy-loading strategy that fixes the channel characteristic. Experimental results validate that a PS bit loading scheme has the potential to increase the system capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"6143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Advanced Modulation Format of Probabilistic Shaping Bit Loading for 450-nm GaN Laser Diode based Visible Light Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7704-2984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Fangchen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2061-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gong-Ru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Wave (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7096278","article-title":"Visible light communications: Demand factors, benefits and opportunities [Guest Editorial]","volume":"22","author":"Chi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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