{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T17:18:51Z","timestamp":1785604731428,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greek State Scholarship Foundation (I.K.Y)","award":["MIS-5000432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS-5000432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Love wave (LW) surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors have been established as reliable biosensing technologies for label-free, real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. This work reports the development of a combined SPR\/LW-SAW platform to facilitate simultaneous optical and acoustic measurements for the investigation of biomolecules binding on a single surface. The system\u2019s output provides recordings of two acoustic parameters, phase and amplitude of a Love wave, synchronized with SPR readings. We present the design and manufacturing of a novel experimental set-up employing, in addition to the SPR\/LW-SAW device, a 3D-printed plastic holder combined with a PDMS microfluidic cell so that the platform can be used in a flow-through mode. The system was evaluated in a systematic study of the optical and acoustic responses for different surface perturbations, i.e., rigid mass loading (Au deposition), pure viscous loading (glycerol and sucrose solutions) and protein adsorption (BSA). Our results provide the theoretical and experimental basis for future application of the combined system to other biochemical and biophysical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"6177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Hybrid Sensor Device for Simultaneous Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface Acoustic Wave Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios G.","family":"Samarentsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology &amp; Biotechnology, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros K.","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure &amp; Laser, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achilleas","family":"Tsortos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology &amp; Biotechnology, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4888-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Friedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENSeOR SAS, Time and Frequency Department, FEMTO-ST Institute, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Electra","family":"Gizeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology &amp; Biotechnology, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3390\/bios2040341","article-title":"Using complementary acoustic and optical techniques for quantitative monitoring of biomolecular adsorption at interfaces","volume":"2","author":"Konradi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01165","article-title":"On the Hydrodynamic Nature of DNA Acoustic Sensing","volume":"88","author":"Tsortos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manaka, Y., Kudo, Y., Yoshimine, H., Kawasaki, T., Kajikawa, K., and Okahata, Y. (2007). Simultaneous anomalous reflection and quartz-crystal microbalance measurements of protein bindings on a gold surface. Chem. Commun., 3574\u20133576.","DOI":"10.1039\/b708901e"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1315338","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of optical and acoustic thicknesses of protein layers using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microweighing","volume":"14","author":"Laschitsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1021\/la0112716","article-title":"Using surface plasmon resonance and the quartz crystal microbalance to monitor in situ the interfacial behavior of thin organic films","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800393d","article-title":"Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Integrated Surface Plasmon Grating Coupler","volume":"80","author":"Zong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, S., Ohashi, T., Muramatsu, H., Chang, S.M., and Kim, W.S. (2010). Construction of simultaneous SPR and QCM sensing platform. Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-009-0370-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1143\/APEX.5.036603","article-title":"Fabrication of a quartz-crystal-microbalance\/surface-plasmon-resonance hybrid sensor and its use for detection of polymer thin-film deposition and evaluation of moisture sorption phenomena","volume":"5","author":"Shinbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.08.038","article-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics Hybrid localized surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance sensor for label free biosensing","volume":"100","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Rodahl, M., Edvardsson, M., Svedhem, S., Ohlsson, G., H\u00f6\u00f6k, F., and Kasemo, B. (2008). A combined reflectometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation setup for surface interaction studies. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 79.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2957619"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800254h","article-title":"Synchronized quartz crystal microbalance and nanoplasmonic sensing of biomolecular recognition reactions","volume":"2","author":"Dahlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodenhausen, K.B., Kasputis, T., Pannier, A.K., Gerasimov, J.Y., Lai, R.Y., Solinsky, M., Tiwald, T.E., Wang, H., Sarkar, A., and Hofmann, T. (2011). Combined optical and acoustical method for determination of thickness and porosity of transparent organic layers below the ultra-thin film limit. Rev. Sci. Instrum.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3653880"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5911","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1405142","article-title":"Comparison of Poly(methylmethacrylate) and Novolak waveguide coatings for an acoustic biosensor","volume":"90","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/6\/6\/008","article-title":"Design and properties of quartz-based Love wave acoustic sensors incorporating silicon dioxide and PMMA guiding layers","volume":"6","author":"Harding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(92)80044-X","article-title":"A Love plate biosensor utilising a polymer layer","volume":"6","author":"Gizeli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1625420","article-title":"Simultaneous surface acoustic wave and surface plasmon resonance measurements: Electrodeposition and biological interactions monitoring","volume":"95","author":"Friedt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedt, J.M., and Francis, L.A. (2016). Combined surface acoustic wave and surface plasmon resonance measurement of collagen and fibrinogen layer physical properties. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2016.05.007"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.1021\/la036251d","article-title":"Human immunoglobulin adsorption investigated by means of quartz crystal microbalance dissipation, atomic force microscopy, surface acoustic wave, and surface plasmon resonance techniques","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051233h","article-title":"In situ evaluation of density, viscosity, and thickness of adsorbed soft layers by combined surface acoustic wave and surface plasmon resonance","volume":"78","author":"Francis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, F., Roach, P., Tsortos, A., Papadakis, G., Newton, M.I., McHale, G., and Gizeli, E. (2009). Development of a combined surface plasmon resonance\/surface acoustic wave device for the characterization of biomolecules. Meas. Sci. Technol., 20.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/12\/124011"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-017-0159-2","article-title":"Optimized acoustic biochip integrated with microfluidics for biomarkers detection in molecular diagnostics","volume":"19","author":"Papadakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01395428","article-title":"Die Bestimmung optischer Konstanten von Metallen durch Anregung von Oberfl\u00e4chenplasmaschwingungen","volume":"241","author":"Kretschmann","year":"1971","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.09.002","article-title":"Calibration of a fan-shaped beam surface plasmon resonance instrument for quantitative adsorbed thin film studies-No metal film thickness or optical properties required","volume":"176","author":"Badia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/11\/001","article-title":"Generalized concept of shear horizontal acoustic plate mode and Love wave sensors","volume":"14","author":"McHale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1420776","article-title":"Resonant conditions for Love wave guiding layer thickness","volume":"79","author":"McHale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2003.10.034","article-title":"Experimental study of Love wave devices with thick guiding layers","volume":"109","author":"Newton","year":"2004","journal-title":">Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton, M.I., Roach, P., and McHale, G. (2008). ST quartz acoustic wave sensors with sectional guiding layers. Sensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/s80704384"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.49.1.569","article-title":"Interfaces and Thin Films as Seen by Bound Electromagnetic Waves","volume":"49","author":"Knoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(89)80124-6","article-title":"Characterization of SH acoustic plate mode liquid sensors","volume":"20","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(91)90399-I","article-title":"Thin metal film characterization and chemical sensors: Monitoring electronic conductivity, mass loading and mechanical properties with surface acoustic wave devices","volume":"206","author":"Ricco","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Francis, L.A., Friedit, J.-M., Palma, D., Zhou, C., Bartic, C., Campitelli, A., and Bertrand, P. (2004, January 23\u201327). Techniques to evaluate the mass sensitivity of Love mode surface acoustic wave biosensors. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00086a003","article-title":"Dynamics and Response of Polymer-Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Devices: Effect of Viscoelastic Properties and Film Resonance","volume":"66","author":"Martin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(93)00660-V","article-title":"A love wave sensor for (bio)chemical sensing in liquids","volume":"43","author":"Kovacs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raether, H. (1988). Tracts in Modern Physics. Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0048317"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Lide, D.R. (2001). CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry, Taylor & Francis. [82nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(91)90284-F","article-title":"Quantitative determination of surface concentration of protein with surface plasmon resonance using radiolabeled proteins","volume":"143","author":"Stenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.1021\/la971228b","article-title":"Quantitative interpretation of the response of surface plasmon resonance sensors to adsorbed films","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00017-X","article-title":"Viscosity sensing using a Love-wave device","volume":"68","author":"Jakoby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.02.050","article-title":"Parametric study of SH-SAW device response to various types of surface perturbations","volume":"138","author":"Mitsakakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(93)85239-7","article-title":"Principles of biosensing with an extended coupling matrix and surface plasmon resonance","volume":"11","author":"Liedberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liedberg, B., Nylander, C., and Lunstr\u00f6m, I. (1983). Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing. Sens. Actuators.","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(83)85036-7"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2020, June 04). Winspall. Available online: http:\/\/res-tec.de\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2020, September 28). RefractiveIndex.INFO. Available online: https:\/\/refractiveindex.info\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1021\/ac971006i","article-title":"Viscoelastic Behavior of Antibody Films on a Shear Horizontal Acoustic Surface Wave Sensor","volume":"70","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1063\/1.97804","article-title":"Acoustic wave viscosity sensor","volume":"50","author":"Ricco","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2013288","article-title":"Determination of the physical properties of room temperature ionic liquids using a love wave device","volume":"83","author":"Ouali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1021\/la800224s","article-title":"QCM-D analysis of the performance of blocking agents on gold and polystyrene surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Reimhult","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14730","DOI":"10.1021\/la302977s","article-title":"Interpretation of protein adsorption through its intrinsic electric charges: A comparative study using a field-effect transistor, surface plasmon resonance, and quartz crystal microbalance","volume":"28","author":"Goda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.7b01637","article-title":"Bovine Serum Albumin Adsorption at a Silica Surface Explored by Simulation and Experiment","volume":"121","author":"Tokarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.10.033","article-title":"Structure of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on silica investigated by quartz crystal microbalance","volume":"489","author":"Jachimska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03782","article-title":"Ultraflat Gold QCM Electrodes Fabricated with Pressure-Forming Template Stripping for Protein Studies at the Nanoscale","volume":"35","author":"Bergler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2017.1281724","article-title":"Monitoring of adsorption behaviors of bovine serum albumin onto a stainless steel surface by the quartz crystal microbalance based on admittance analysis","volume":"81","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8870","DOI":"10.1021\/es103008s","article-title":"Adsorption of transgenic insecticidal Cry1Ab protein to SiO2. 1. Forces driving adsorption","volume":"44","author":"Sander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMeekin, T.L., Wilensky, M., and Groves, M.L. (1962). Refractive indices of proteins in relation to amino acid composition and specific volume. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(62)90165-1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.03.004","article-title":"On the distribution of protein refractive index increments","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01188a027","article-title":"The Specific Refractive Increment of Some Purified Proteins","volume":"70","author":"Perlmann","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, \u00c1.B., Radhakrishnan, R., Ketelhut, S., Schnekenburger, J., and Kemper, B. (2019). Refractive index determination of buffer solutions from visible to near-infrared spectral range for multispectral quantitative phase imaging using a calibrated Abbe refractometer. Quantitative Ph. Imaging, 5."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7765(99)00136-8","article-title":"Quantification of adsorbed human serum albumin at solid interfaces: A comparison between radioimmunoassay (RIA) and simple null ellipsometry","volume":"18","author":"Benesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7765(01)00236-3","article-title":"Comparative study of protein adsorption on titanium oxide surfaces using in situ ellipsometry, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance\/dissipation","volume":"24","author":"Hook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.103.030072","article-title":"The density and refractive index of adsorbing protein layers","volume":"87","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauerbrey, G. (1959). Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur W\u00e4gung d\u00fcnner Schichten und zur Mikrow\u00e4gung. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Phys.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01337937"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaconu, G., and Sch\u00e4fer, T. (2014). Study of the interactions of proteins with a solid surface using complementary acoustic and optical techniques. Biointerphases.","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4874736"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6\u00f6k, F., Kasemo, B., Nylander, T., Fant, C., Sott, K., and Elwing, H. (2001). Variations in coupled water, viscoelastic properties, and film thickness of a Mefp-1 protein film during adsorption and cross-linking: A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry, and surface plasmon resonance study. Anal. Chem.","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0106501"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.119271","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of Size and Shape of Surface-Bound DNA Using an Acoustic Wave Sensor","volume":"94","author":"Tsortos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1021\/nl103491v","article-title":"Acoustic characterization of nanoswitch structures: Application to the DNA holliday junction","volume":"10","author":"Papadakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.01.030","article-title":"Characterization of DNA-Hv1 histone interactions; discrimination of DNA size and shape","volume":"584","author":"Papadakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9172","DOI":"10.1021\/la800730s","article-title":"Probing mechanical properties of liposomes using acoustic sensors","volume":"24","author":"Melzak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN00616J","article-title":"Quantitative determination of protein molecular weight with an acoustic sensor; significance of specific versus non-specific binding","volume":"139","author":"Mitsakakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.12.008","article-title":"Probing the interaction of a membrane receptor with a surface-attached ligand using whole cells on acoustic biosensors","volume":"25","author":"Saitakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:42Z","timestamp":1760178402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20216177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20216177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]}}}