{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:12:09Z","timestamp":1785795129950,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Agreement No. 075-03-2020-051, topic No. fzsu-2020-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement No. 075-03-2020-051, topic No. fzsu-2020-0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grant from the President of the Russian Federation for state support of young Russian scientists \u2013 candidates of sciences MK-3421.2019.8","award":["agreement No. 075-15-2019-309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["agreement No. 075-15-2019-309"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The work presents an approach to instrument the load-sensing bearings for automotive applications for estimation of the loads acting on the wheels. The system comprises fiber-optic sensors based on addressed fiber Bragg structures (AFBS) with two symmetrical phase shifts. A mathematical model for load\u2013deformation relation is presented, and the AFBS interrogation principle is described. The simulation includes (i) modeling of vehicle dynamics in a split-mu braking test, during which the longitudinal wheel loads are obtained, (ii) the subsequent estimation of bearing outer ring deformation using a beam model with simply supported boundary conditions, (iii) the conversion of strain into central frequency shift of AFBS, and (iv) modeling of the beating signal at the photodetector. The simulation results show that the estimation error of the longitudinal wheel force from the strain data acquired from a single measurement point was 5.44% with a root-mean-square error of 113.64 N. A prototype load-sensing bearing was instrumented with a single AFBS sensor and mounted in a front right wheel hub of an experimental vehicle. The experimental setup demonstrated comparable results with the simulation during the braking test. The proposed system with load-sensing bearings is aimed at estimation of the loads acting on the wheels, which serve as input parameters for active safety systems, such as automatic braking, adaptive cruise control, or fully automated driving, in order to enhance their effectiveness and the safety of the vehicle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T21:34:47Z","timestamp":1604093687000},"page":"6191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures in Load-Sensing Wheel Hub Bearings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1043-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timur","family":"Agliullin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gubaidullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airat","family":"Sakhabutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-4656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem","family":"Kuznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7252-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automotive Engineering Group, Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10951","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965644","article-title":"Survey on Wheel Slip Control Design Strategies, Evaluation and Application to Antilock Braking Systems","volume":"8","author":"Pretagostini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksjonov, A., Augsburg, K., and Vodovozov, V. (2016). 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