{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:44:28Z","timestamp":1777423468112,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The direct measurement of emissions from naturally ventilated dairy barns is challenging due to their large openings and the turbulent and unsteady airflow at the inlets and outlets. The aim of this study was to quantify the impacts of the number and positions of sensors on the estimation of volume flow rate and emissions. High resolution measurements of a naturally ventilated scaled building model in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel were done. Tracer gas was released inside the model and measured at the outlet area, using a fast flame ionization detector (FFID). Additionally, the normal velocity on the area was measured using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). In total, for a matrix of 65 \u00d7 4 sensor positions, the mean normal velocities and the mean concentrations were measured and used to calculate the volume flow rate and the emissions. This dataset was used as a reference to assess the accuracy while systematically reducing the number of sensors and varying the positions of them. The results showed systematic errors in the emission estimation up to +97%, when measurements of concentration and velocity were done at one constant height. This error could be lowered under 5%, when the concentrations were measured as a vertical composite sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"6223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Direct Measurements of the Volume Flow Rate and Emissions in a Large Naturally Ventilated Building"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4211-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Janke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianying","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3296-3691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Thormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Hempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Amon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Licealna 9\/9, 65-417 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n","family":"Nosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermomechanics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolej\u0161kova 1402\/5, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1988-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"van Overbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO),Technology and Food Science Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Amon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Free University Berlin (FUB), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tista, M., Gager, M., Gaisbauer, S., and Ullrich, B. 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