{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:34:53Z","timestamp":1777599293921,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Cancer Society","award":["UvA 2014-7244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UvA 2014-7244"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electric permeabilization of cell membranes is the main mechanism of irreversible electroporation (IRE), an ablation technique for treatment of unresectable cancers, but the pulses also induce a significant temperature increase in the treated volume. To investigate the therapeutically thermal contribution, a preclinical setup is required to apply IRE at desired temperatures while maintaining stable temperatures. This study\u2019s aim was to develop and test an electroporation device capable of maintaining a pre-specified stable and spatially homogeneous temperatures and electric field in a tumor cell suspension for several clinical-IRE-settings. A hydraulically controllable heat exchange electroporation device (HyCHEED) was developed and validated at 37 \u00b0C and 46 \u00b0C. Through plate electrodes, HyCHEED achieved both a homogeneous electric field and homogenous-stable temperatures; IRE heat was removed through hydraulic cooling. IRE was applied to 300 \u03bcL of pancreatic carcinoma cell suspension (Mia PaCa-2), after which cell viability and specific conductivity were determined. HyCHEED maintained stable temperatures within \u00b11.5 \u00b0C with respect to the target temperature for multiple IRE-settings at the selected temperature levels. An increase of cell death and specific conductivity, including post-treatment, was found to depend on electric-field strength and temperature. HyCHEED is capable of maintaining stable temperatures during IRE-experiments. This provides an excellent basis to assess the contribution of thermal effects to IRE and other bio-electromagnetic techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"6227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HyCHEED System for Maintaining Stable Temperature Control during Preclinical Irreversible Electroporation Experiments at Clinically Relevant Temperature and Pulse Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7046-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Agnass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Hans M.","family":"Rodermond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Remko","family":"Zweije","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sijbrands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jantien A.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krijn P.","family":"van Lienden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"van Gulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5664-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eran","family":"van Veldhuisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5522-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolaas A. P.","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6936-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlene L.","family":"Oei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Petra","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2650-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc G.","family":"Besselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7474-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Crezee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-8981-8","article-title":"Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation","volume":"33","author":"Davalos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. 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