{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:31:55Z","timestamp":1778347915616,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2016-75650-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2016-75650-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-103904RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-103904RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IJCI-2017-31339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJCI-2017-31339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Universitats i de Recerca","award":["2017SGR-1159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SGR-1159"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003741","name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, reflective-mode phase-variation sensors based on open-ended stepped-impedance transmission lines with optimized sensitivity for their use as defect detectors and dielectric constant sensors are reported. The sensitive part of the sensors consists of either a 90\u00b0 high-impedance or a 180\u00b0 low-impedance open-ended sensing line. To optimize the sensitivity, such a sensing line is cascaded to a 90\u00b0 transmission line section with either low or high characteristic impedance, resulting in a stepped-impedance transmission line configuration. For validation purposes, two different sensors are designed and fabricated. One of the sensors is implemented by means of a 90\u00b0 high impedance (85 \u2126) open-ended sensing line cascaded to a 90\u00b0 low impedance (15 \u2126) transmission line section. The other sensor consists of a 180\u00b0 15-\u2126 open-ended sensing line cascaded to a 90\u00b0 85-\u2126 line. Sensitivity optimization for the measurement of dielectric constants in the vicinity of that corresponding to the Rogers RO4003C substrate (i.e., with dielectric constant 3.55) is carried out. The functionality as a defect detector is demonstrated by measuring the phase-variation in samples consisting of the uncoated Rogers RO4003C substrate (the reference sample) with arrays of holes of different densities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"6236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Highly Sensitive Reflective-Mode Defect Detectors and Dielectric Constant Sensors Based on Open-Ended Stepped-Impedance Transmission Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2658-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pau","family":"Casacuberta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Enano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paris","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-1480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ingenier\u00eda Audiovisual y Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1494-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mandel, C., Kubina, B., Sch\u00fc\u00dfler, M., and Jakoby, R. 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