{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:32:12Z","timestamp":1768545132061,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academic Excellence Project 5-100 proposed by Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","award":["4.2.1.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4.2.1.2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smartphone-based optical spectrometers allow the development of a new generation of portable and cost-effective optical sensing solutions that can be easily integrated into sensor networks. However, most commonly the spectral calibration relies on the external reference light sources which have known narrow spectral lines. Such calibration must be repeated each time the fiber and diffraction grating holders are removed from the smartphone and reattached. Moreover, the spectrometer wavelength scale can drift during the measurement because of the smartphone temperature fluctuations. The present work reports on a novel spectral self-calibration approach, based on the correspondence between the light wavelength and the hue features of the spectrum measured using a color RGB camera. These features are caused by the nonuniformity of camera RGB filters\u2019 responses and their finite overlap, which is a typical situation for RGB cameras. Thus, the wavelength scale should be externally calibrated only once for each smartphone spectrometer and can further be continuously verified and corrected using the proposed self-calibration approach. An ability of the plug-and play operation and the temperature drift elimination of the smartphone spectrometer was experimentally demonstrated. Conducted experiments involved interrogation of optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor and demonstrated a nanometer-level optical path difference resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1604567074000},"page":"6304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Continuous Hue-Based Self-Calibration of a Smartphone Spectrometer Applied to Optical Fiber Fabry-Perot Sensor Interrogation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Markvart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Liokumovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iurii","family":"Medvedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Rua Silvio Lima\u2014Polo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Ushakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allsop, T., and Neal, R. (2019). A review: Evolution and diversity of optical fibre plasmonic sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224874"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trono, C., Baldini, F., Brenci, M., Chiavaioli, F., and Mugnaini, M. (2011). Flow cell for strain- and temperature- compensated refractive index measurements by means of cascaded optical fibre long period and Bragg gratings. Meas. Sci. Technol., 22.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/7\/075204"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.12.050","article-title":"Multi-parameter measurements using optical fibre long period gratings for indoor air quality monitoring","volume":"244","author":"Hromadka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.005092","article-title":"Resolution limits of extrinsic Fabry\u2013Perot interferometric displacement sensors utilizing wavelength scanning interrogation","volume":"53","author":"Ushakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosi, D. (2015). Advanced Interrogation of Fiber-Optic Bragg Grating and Fabry-Perot Sensors with KLT Analysis. Sensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/s151127470"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11302","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2997465","article-title":"Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement with Multiplexed Fiber Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensors","volume":"20","author":"Ushakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Dong, X., K\u00f6hler, M.H., Kienle, P., Bian, Q., Jakobi, M., and Koch, A.W. (2020). Advances in Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Multimode Interference (MMI): A Review. IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2577571"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.12.010","article-title":"Adaptive filter-based interrogation of high-sensitivity fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometry sensors","volume":"206","author":"Tosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2396201","article-title":"Multiplexed Extrinsic Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensors: Resolution Limits","volume":"33","author":"Ushakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2515943","article-title":"Fast Demodulation Algorithm for Multiplexed Low-Finesse Fabry\u2013Perot Interferometers","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, D., Wang, B., Huang, H., Meng, X., Liu, C., Xue, L., Liu, F., and Wang, S. (2019). Sunlight based handheld smartphone spectrometer. Biosens. Bioelectron., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111632"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, Z., Nan, N., Bu, Y., Wang, X., Pan, L., and Wang, X. (2017). Automatic spectral calibration for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Opt. Express, 25.","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.023605"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.006029","article-title":"Enhancing the resolution limits of spectral interferometric measurements with swept- wavelength interrogation by means of a reference interferometer","volume":"54","author":"Ushakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGonigle, A., Wilkes, T., Pering, T., Willmott, J., Cook, J., Mims, F., and Parisi, A. (2018). Smartphone Spectrometers. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010223"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.03.008","article-title":"Smartphone-based spectrometer with high spectral accuracy for mHealth application","volume":"274","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11585","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201206804","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance Chemical Sensing on Cell Phones","volume":"51","author":"Preechaburana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9147","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4037706","article-title":"Fluorescent imaging of single nanoparticles and viruses on a smart phone","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, Z., Zhang, X., Fan, Z., Lv, X., Su, Y., and Chen, H. (2017). Recent progress in optical biosensors based on smartphone platforms. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112449"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremer, K., and Roth, B. (2015). Fibre optic surface plasmon resonance sensor system designed for smartphones. Opt. Express, 23.","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.017179"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2894834","article-title":"Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Plastic Optical Fiber and Smartphone for Measurement of the Breathing Rate","volume":"19","author":"Aitkulov","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2788560","article-title":"A Smartphone-Based Red-Green Dual Color Fiber Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25420","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.025420","article-title":"A portable optical fiber SPR temperature sensor based on a smart-phone","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.08.017","article-title":"TiO2 thin film temperature sensor monitored by smartphone","volume":"45","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markvart, A., Liokumovich, L.B., Medvedev, I., and Ushakov, N. (2020). Smartphone-Based Interrogation of a Chirped FBG Strain Sensor Inscribed in a Multimode Fiber. J. Light. Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3024713"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.09.071","article-title":"A novel smartphone-based CD-spectrometer for high sensitive and cost-effective colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid","volume":"1093","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.A., Canning, J., Cook, K., and Jamalipour, A. (2016). Optical fiber smartphone spectrometer. Opt. Lett., 41.","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.002237"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkes, T.C., McGonigle, A.J.S., Willmott, J.R., Pering, T.D., and Cook, J.M. (2017). Low-cost 3D printed 1 nm resolution smartphone sensor-based spectrometer: Instrument design and application in ultraviolet spectroscopy. Opt. Lett., 42.","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.004323"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2944978","article-title":"A Portable Smartphone-Based Vector-Magnetometer Illuminated and Imaged via a Side-Polished-Fiber Functionalized with Magnetic Fluid","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11134","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2934142","article-title":"A Concave Blazed-Grating-Based Smartphone Spectrometer for Multichannel Sensing","volume":"19","author":"Lo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.05.033","article-title":"Resonant position tracking method for smartphone-based surface plasmon sensor","volume":"1032","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.149","article-title":"A handheld smartphone-controlled spectrophotometer based on hue to wavelength conversion for molecular absorption and emission measurements","volume":"238","author":"Sampaio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8789","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2983733","article-title":"Solution Classification with Portable Smartphone-Based Spectrometer System under Variant Shooting Conditions by Using Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"20","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.63.000806","article-title":"Incoherent illumination of an optical fiber","volume":"63","author":"Snyder","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.26.002452","article-title":"Effects of coherence and polarization on the coupling of stochastic electromagnetic beams into optical fibers","volume":"26","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itoh, K. (1982). Analysis of the phase unwrapping algorithm. Appl. Opt., 21.","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.21.002470"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1070\/PU1958v001n02ABEH003099","article-title":"Real Spectral Apparatus","volume":"1","author":"Rautian","year":"1958","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Uspekhi"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01025868","article-title":"On the histogram as a density estimator: L2 theory","volume":"57","author":"Freedman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie Verwandte Geb."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1109\/29.17559","article-title":"Interpolation By The Fft Revisited an Experimental Investigation","volume":"37","author":"Fraser","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2019.2934093","article-title":"Signal Processing Approach for Spectral Interferometry Immune to \u03bb\/2 Errors","volume":"31","author":"Ushakov","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.004671","article-title":"Analytical model for low finesse, external cavity, fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers including multiple reflections and angular misalignment","volume":"50","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2144957","article-title":"Toward Eliminating Signal Demodulation Jumps in Optical Fiber Intrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensors","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.3015281","article-title":"Abrupt \u03bb\/2 demodulation errors in spectral interferometry: Origins and suppression","volume":"32","author":"Ushakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:49Z","timestamp":1760178589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20216304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20216304","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}