{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:21:15Z","timestamp":1772788875686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology Grant","award":["2018~2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018~2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A beryllium(II)-ion-selective poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) solid contact electrode comprising 9,10-dinitrobenzo-9-crown-3-ether was successfully developed. The all-solid-state contact electrode, with an oxygen-containing cation-sensing membrane combined with an electropolymerized PEDOT layer, exhibited the best response characteristics. The performance of the constructed electrode was evaluated and optimized using potentiometry, conductance measurements, constant-current chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimized conditions, which were found for an ion-selective membrane (ISM) composition of 3% ionophore, 30% polyvinylchloride (PVC), 64% o-nitro phenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), and 3% sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), the fabricated electrode exhibited a good performance over a wide concentration range (10\u22122.5\u201310\u22127.0 M) and a wide pH range of 2.0\u20139.0, with a Nernstian slope of 29.5 mV\/D for the beryllium (II) ion and a detection limit as low as 10\u22127.0 M. The developed electrode shows good selectivity for the beryllium(II) ion over alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"6375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beryllium-Ion-Selective PEDOT Solid Contact Electrode Based on 9,10-Dinitrobenzo-9-Crown-3-Ether"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Junghwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central customs Laboratory and Scientific Service, Gyeongnam, Jinju 52851, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dae Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central customs Laboratory and Scientific Service, Gyeongnam, Jinju 52851, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jin Cheol","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central customs Laboratory and Scientific Service, Gyeongnam, Jinju 52851, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jae Sang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Jinju 52828, Korea"}]},{"given":"Ji Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan"}]},{"given":"Sung Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTECH), Jinju 52725, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1021\/jp076001w","article-title":"Perturbation of Local Solvent Structure by a Small Dication: A Theoretical Study on Structural, Vibrational, and Reactive Properties of Beryllium Ion in Water","volume":"112","author":"Gnanakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Walsh, K.A., Kaczynski, D.J., Jacobson, L.A., Foley, J., Dorn, C., London, G., Hanrahan, R., Hashiguchi, D.H., Floyd, D., and Patterson, R.A. (2009). Beryllium Chemistry and Processing, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00587K","article-title":"Recent Advances in Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes: Functional Materials, Transduction Mechanisms, and Development Trends","volume":"49","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.06.046","article-title":"New Diamino Compound as Neutral Ionophore for Highly Selective and Sensitive PVC Membrane Electrode for Be2+ Ion","volume":"114","author":"Soleymanpour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2003.12.052","article-title":"Sub-Micro Level Monitoring of Beryllium Ions with a Novel Beryllium Sensor Based on 2, 6-diphenyl-4-benzo-9-crown-3-pyridine","volume":"63","author":"Ganjali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.08.050","article-title":"A New Beryllium Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Dibenzo(Perhydrotriazino)Aza-14-Crown-4 Ether","volume":"749","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050749y","article-title":"Solid Contact Potentiometric Sensors for Trace Level Measurements","volume":"78","author":"Rubinova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-0132-4","article-title":"Optimizing the Analytical Performance and Construction of Ion-Selective Electrodes with Conducting Polymer-Based Ion-to-Electron Transducers","volume":"384","author":"Michalska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201200059","article-title":"All-Solid-State Ion Selective and All-Solid-State Reference Electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Michalska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freiser, H. (1980). Ion Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3776-8"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990497z","article-title":"Potential Stability of All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes Using Conducting Polymers as Ion-to-Electron Transducers","volume":"71","author":"Bobacka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2003.12.001","article-title":"Conducting Polymer Membranes for Low Activity Potentiometric Ion Sensing","volume":"63","author":"Michalska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15267j","article-title":"Water Uptake in the Hydrophilic Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Solid-Contact of All-Solid-State Polymeric Ion-Selective Electrodes","volume":"136","author":"Veder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0109589","article-title":"Redox-Active Self-Assembled Monolayers for Solid-Contact Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes","volume":"14","author":"Fibbioli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, S.S.M., Eldin, A.G., Amr, A.E.-G.E., Al-Omar, M.A., Kamel, A.H., and Khalifa, N.M. (2019). Improved Solid-Contact Nitrate Ion Selective Electrodes Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an Ion-to-Electron Transducer. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183891"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, Z., Han, T., Kvarnstr\u00f6m, C., Bobacka, J., and Ivaska, A. (2009). All-solid-state Potassium Ion-selective Electrode with Conducting Polymer Doped with Carbon Nanotubes and C60 as the Ion-to-Electron Transducing Layers. ECS Trans.","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3118534"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2011.10.018","article-title":"Development of an All-Solid-State Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode Using Graphene as the Solid-Contact Transducer","volume":"13","author":"Ping","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200390042","article-title":"Potentiometric Ion Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers","volume":"15","author":"Bobacka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(98)00587-X","article-title":"Characterization of a Single-Piece All-Solid-State Lithium-Selective Electrode Based on Soluble Conducting Polyaniline","volume":"385","author":"Lindfors","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2006.04.022","article-title":"Response Mechanism of Potentiometric AG+ Sensor Based on Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped with Silver Hexabromocarborane","volume":"593","author":"Mousavi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1021\/ja067193w","article-title":"Functional Polythiophene Nanoparticles: Size-Controlled Electropolymerization and Ion Selective Response","volume":"129","author":"Si","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016336430958","article-title":"Electrochemical Polymerization of Aniline at Low Supporting-Electrolyte Concentrations and Characterization of Obtained Films","volume":"38","author":"Sari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Russ. J. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2005.10.008","article-title":"Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[3\u2032-(4-Formyl-3-Hydroxyphenyl)-5,2\u2032:5\u2032,2\u2033-Terthiophene] Film","volume":"156","author":"Seol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(92)80070-T","article-title":"Anionic Responses of Electrochemically Synthesized Polypyrrole Films","volume":"39","author":"Cadogan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(93)80223-E","article-title":"Potentiometric Response of Poly(3-Octylthiophene), Poly(3-Methylthiophene) and Polythiophene in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"40","author":"Bobacka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200503384","article-title":"Conducting Polymer-Based Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes","volume":"18","author":"Bobacka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200302797","article-title":"All-Solid-State Chloride Sensors with Poly(3-Octylthiopene) Matrix and Trihexadecylmethylammonium Chlorides as an Ion Exchanger Salt","volume":"16","author":"Bobacka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s100080100213","article-title":"Copper(II) Ion Sensor Based on Electropolymerized Undoped Conducting Polymers","volume":"6","author":"Prakash","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1139\/v94-223","article-title":"Electronic Effects on Crown Ether Conformation. X-ray Crystal Structure and 13C NMR Study in Solution and the Solid Phase of 4-Nitrobenzo-9-Crown-3 Ether","volume":"72","author":"Buchanan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/ed048p443","article-title":"A General Purpose Curve Fitting Program for Class and Research Use","volume":"48","author":"Dye","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1351\/pac197646020127","article-title":"Recommendations for Nomenclature of Ion-Selective Electrodes","volume":"48","author":"Pechhold","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199567030507","article-title":"Selectivity Coefficients for Ion-Selective Electrodes: Recommended Methods for Reporting KA,Bpot Values (Technical Report)","volume":"67","author":"Umezawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theochem.2009.11.009","article-title":"Preferential Interaction of Charged Alkali Metal Ions (Guest) Within a Narrow Cavity of Cyclic Crown Ethers (Neutral Host): A Quantum Chemical Investigation","volume":"941","author":"De","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct. THEOCHEM"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an15950c","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Beryllium Ions Using a Microcantilever Modified with Benzo-9-Crown-3 Doped Hydrogel","volume":"137","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1760178658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/21\/6375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20216375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20216375","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]}}}