{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:24:42Z","timestamp":1760239482503,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61973037","61673066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61973037","61673066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To realize the blind estimation of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal, this paper describe a new relational expression among the state of Duffing oscillator excited by BPSK signal, the pseudo-random code of BPSK signal, and the difference frequency between the to-be-detect signal and internal drive force signal of Duffing oscillator. Two output characteristics of Duffing oscillators excited by BPSK signals named implied periodicity and pilot frequency array synchronization are presented according to the different chaotic states of Duffing oscillator. Then two blind estimation methods for the carrier frequency and pseudo-random sequence of the BPSK signal are proposed based on these two characteristics, respectively. These methods are shown to have a significant effect on the parameter estimation of BPSK signals with no prior knowledge, even at very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"6412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Blind Estimation Methods for BPSK Signal Based on Duffing Oscillator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6448-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannen, P. 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