{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T20:03:37Z","timestamp":1760385817178,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-04952","RGPIN-2015-04742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-04952","RGPIN-2015-04742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bending resonance of micro-sized resonators has been utilized to study adsorption of analyte molecules in complex fluids of picogram quantity. Traditionally, the analysis to characterize the resonance frequency has focused solely on the mass change, whereas the effect of interfacial tension of the fluid has been largely neglected. By observing forced vibrations of a microfluidic cantilever filled with a series of alkanes using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), we studied the effect of surface and interfacial tension on the resonance frequency. Here, we incorporated the Young\u2013Laplace equation into the Euler\u2013Bernoulli beam theory to consider extra stress that surface and interface tension exerts on the vibration of the cantilever. Based on the hypothesis that the near-surface region of a continuum is subject to the extra stress, thin surface and interface layers are introduced to our model. The thin layer is subject to an axial force exerted by the extra stress, which in turn affects the transverse vibration of the cantilever. We tested the analytical model by varying the interfacial tension between the silicon nitride microchannel cantilever and the filled alkanes, whose interfacial tension varies with chain length. Compared with the conventional Euler\u2013Bernoulli model, our enhanced model provides a better agreement to the experimental results, shedding light on precision measurements using micro-sized cantilever resonators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T10:00:32Z","timestamp":1605175232000},"page":"6459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Surface and Interfacial Tension on the Resonance Frequency of Microfluidic Channel Cantilever"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosmi","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Faheem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourien Inc., Edmonton, AB T6B 2N2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Syed A.","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Qingxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Thundat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York, NY 14260, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0569-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Joong","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Chun Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0681041","article-title":"Microcantilevers: Sensing Chemical Interactions via Mechanical Motion","volume":"108","author":"Goeders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1763252","article-title":"Cantilever transducers as a platform for chemical and biological sensors","volume":"75","author":"Lavrik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1039\/b908503n","article-title":"Microcantilever-based platforms as biosensing tools","volume":"135","author":"Alvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Weighing of biomolecules, single cells and single nanoparticles in fluid","volume":"446","author":"Burg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318602111","article-title":"Weighing nanoparticles in solution at the attogram scale","volume":"111","author":"Olcum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1145484","article-title":"Micromechanical sensors for chemical and physical measurements","volume":"66","author":"Wachter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2388925","article-title":"Effect of the adsorbate stiffness on the resonance response of microcantilever sensors","volume":"89","author":"Tamayo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2009.121","article-title":"Cantilever Sensors: Nanomechanical Tools for Diagnostics","volume":"34","author":"Datar","year":"2009","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105213","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5053561","article-title":"Effect of surface stress induced curvature on the eigenfrequencies of microcantilever plates","volume":"8","author":"Ruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1063\/1.89173","article-title":"Effect of surface stress on the natural frequency of thin crystals","volume":"29","author":"Gurtin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1996.0297","article-title":"A Sensitive Method to Measure Changes in the Surface Stress of Solids","volume":"180","author":"Butt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1063\/1.88231","article-title":"Surface stress and the normal mode of vibration of thin crystals: GaAs","volume":"26","author":"Lagowski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1063\/1.359562","article-title":"Adsorption-induced surface stress and its effects on resonance frequency of microcantilevers","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1463720","article-title":"Determination of adsorption-induced variation in the spring constant of a microcantilever","volume":"80","author":"Cherian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/15\/12\/028","article-title":"Thermal treatments and gas adsorption influences on nano mechanics of ultra-thin silicon resonators for ultimate sensing","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2372700","article-title":"Dominant surface stress driven by biomolecular interactions in the dynamical response of nanomechanical microcantilevers","volume":"89","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13452","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13452","article-title":"Mass and stiffness spectrometry of nanoparticles and whole intact bacteria by multimode nanomechanical resonators","volume":"7","author":"Malvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00756","article-title":"Mass spectrometry of heavy analytes and large biological aggregates by monitoring changes in quality factor of nanomechanical resonator in air","volume":"5","author":"Stachiv","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2006212","article-title":"Influence of surface stress on the resonance behavior of microcantilevers","volume":"87","author":"McFarland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-003-0329-4","article-title":"Influence of surface stress on frequency of microcantilever-based biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2236102","article-title":"Model for the adsorption-induced change in resonance frequency of a cantilever","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186105","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.186105","article-title":"Dynamical Response of Nanomechanical Oscillators in Immiscible Viscous Fluid for In Vitro Biomolecular Recognition","volume":"96","author":"Dorignac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2746950","article-title":"Effects of surface elasticity and residual surface tension on the natural frequency of microbeams","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.085405","article-title":"Surface stress effects on the resonance properties of cantilever sensors","volume":"72","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.206102","article-title":"Effect of Surface Stress on the Stiffness of Cantilever Plates","volume":"99","author":"Lachut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1342018","article-title":"Surface stress induced deflections of cantilever plates with applications to the atomic force microscope: Rectangular plates","volume":"89","author":"Sader","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.236101","article-title":"Stress-induced variations in the stiffness of micro- and nanocantilever beams","volume":"108","author":"Karabalin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3050108","article-title":"Surface stress effect on bending resonance of nanowires with different boundary conditions","volume":"93","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4940951","article-title":"Frequency response of curved bilayer microcantilevers with applications to surface stress measurement","volume":"119","author":"Sohi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.12.001","article-title":"Size-dependent effects of surface stress on resonance behavior of microcantilever-based sensors","volume":"269","author":"Sohi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214310","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4880396","article-title":"Impact of surface and residual stresses and electro-\/magnetostatic axial loading on the suspended nanomechanical based mass sensors: A theoretical study","volume":"115","author":"Stachiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117140","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4936421","article-title":"Micro-\/nanosized cantilever beams and mass sensors under applied axial tensile\/compressive force vibrating in vacuum and viscous fluid","volume":"5","author":"Stachiv","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijengsci.2007.10.002","article-title":"The size-dependent natural frequency of Bernoulli\u2013Euler micro-beams","volume":"46","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2011.09.051","article-title":"Nonlinear microbeam model based on strain gradient theory","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2013.06.005","article-title":"Geometrically nonlinear higher-gradient elasticity with energetic boundaries","volume":"61","author":"Javili","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00033-012-0197-9","article-title":"How contact interactions may depend on the shape of Cauchy cuts in Nth gradient continua: Approach \u201c\u00e0 la D\u2019Alembert","volume":"63","author":"Seppecher","year":"2012","journal-title":"\u201d Z. Angew. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"852","article-title":"Higher-gradient continua: The legacy of Piola, Mindlin, Sedov and Toupin and some future research perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Giorgio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Math. Mech. Solids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253946","article-title":"Effects of couple-stresses in linear elasticity","volume":"11","author":"Mindlin","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1137\/0125053","article-title":"The Method of Virtual Power in Continuum Mechanics. Part 2: Microstructure","volume":"25","author":"Germain","year":"1973","journal-title":"SIAM J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnonlinmec.2007.02.015","article-title":"Finite deformations of fibre-reinforced elastic solids with fibre bending stiffness","volume":"42","author":"Spencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Non-Linear Mech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1081286503008001658","article-title":"Truss Modular Beams with Deformation Energy Depending on Higher Displacement Gradients","volume":"8","author":"Alibert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Math. Mech. Solids"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"20150790","article-title":"Large deformations of planar extensible beams and pantographic lattices: Heuristic homogenization, experimental and numerical examples of equilibrium","volume":"472","author":"Giorgio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1177\/1081286519893408","article-title":"Linear theory for the mechanics of third-gradient continua reinforced with fibers resistance to flexure","volume":"25","author":"Bolouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Mech. Solids"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00161-020-00867-3","article-title":"Mechanics of third-gradient continua reinforced with fibers resistant to flexure in finite plane elastostatics","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contin. Mech. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s42493-019-00015-3","article-title":"Strain-Gradient Elasticity Theory for the Mechanics of Fiber Composites Subjected to Finite Plane Deformations: Comprehensive Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiscale Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1081286517728543","article-title":"Mechanics of fiber composites with fibers resistant to extension and flexure","volume":"24","author":"Zeidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. Mech. Solids"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijengsci.2018.06.002","article-title":"Gradient elasticity theory for fiber composites with fibers resistant to extension and flexure","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00419-018-1344-3","article-title":"Finite plane deformations of elastic solids reinforced with fibers resistant to flexure: Complete solution","volume":"88","author":"Zeidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00161-018-0623-0","article-title":"Mechanics of an elastic solid reinforced with bidirectional fiber in finite plane elastostatics: Complete analysis","volume":"30","author":"Zeidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contin. Mech. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6501985","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6501985","article-title":"Superposed Incremental Deformations of an Elastic Solid Reinforced with Fibers Resistant to Extension and Flexure","volume":"2018","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"422","article-title":"Continuum Models Incorporating Surface Energy for Static and Dynamic Response of Nanoscale Beams","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8415","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA25455A","article-title":"Thermomechanical analysis of picograms of polymers using a suspended microchannel cantilever","volume":"7","author":"Bukhari","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(93)E1419-H","article-title":"Observation of a chemical reaction using a micromechanical sensor","volume":"217","author":"Gimzewski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5092333","article-title":"Thermomechanical responses of microfluidic cantilever capture DNA melting and properties of DNA premelting states using picoliters of DNA solution","volume":"114","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.04.095","article-title":"Online measurement of mass density and viscosity of pL fluid samples with suspended microchannel resonator","volume":"185","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12947","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12947","article-title":"Microfluidic cantilever detects bacteria and measures their susceptibility to antibiotics in small confined volumes","volume":"7","author":"Etayash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00261375","article-title":"A continuum theory of elastic material surfaces","volume":"57","author":"Gurtin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/01418619808239977","article-title":"A general theory of curved deformable interface in solids at equilibrium","volume":"78","author":"Gurtin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1021\/je5007532","article-title":"Density, Viscosity, Speed of Sound, Bulk Modulus, and Surface Tension of Binary Mixtures ofn-Heptane + 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane at (293.15 to 338.15) K and 0.1 MPa","volume":"59","author":"Prak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Mougin, P., Rasaolofosaon, P., and Zinszer, B. (2020, March 29). Petroacoustics of poorly consolidated reservoir rocks saturated with co2\/methane\/brine mixtures. In SACS2 European Research Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.sintef.no\/globalassets\/project\/ik23430000-sacs\/other_reports\/mougin_etal_2002_ifp_final_report_wp7.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"223","article-title":"A novel method combining Monte Carlo\u2013FEM simulations and experiments for simultaneous evaluation of the ultrathin film mass density and Young\u05f3s modulus","volume":"66","author":"Stachiv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Park, S.J., and Seo, M.K. (2011). Interface Science and Composites, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00503882","article-title":"Surface tension of normal pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane","volume":"13","author":"Grigoryev","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AN01588B","article-title":"Real-time measurement of flow rate in microfluidic devices using a cantilever-based optofluidic sensor","volume":"139","author":"Latifi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajesfandiari, A., Sukhotskiy, V., Alodhayb, A., Khan, M., Thundat, T., and Furlani, E. (2020). Microfluidic microcantilever as a sensitive platform to measure evaporation rate of picoliters of ethanol. Measurement, 108617.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108617"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:32:25Z","timestamp":1760178745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]}}}