{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:24:17Z","timestamp":1760239457201,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prematuration 2019 project from IP Paris","award":["xxx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xxx"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015668","name":"Laserlab-Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["871124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"XPULSE project: \u201cdevelopment of an imaging system using X-rays based on ultra-short intense laser for applications in breast cancer imaging\u201d.","award":["xxx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xxx"]}]},{"name":"FISR Project `Tecnopolo di nanotecnologia e fotonica per la medicina di precisione'","award":["CUP B83B17000010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83B17000010001"]}]},{"name":"TECNOMED","award":["CUP B84I18000540002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B84I18000540002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Hartmann wavefront sensor is able to measure, separately and in absolute, the real \u03b4 and imaginary part \u03b2 of the X-ray refractive index. While combined with tomographic setup, the Hartman sensor opens many interesting opportunities behind the direct measurement of the material density. In order to handle the different ways of using an X-ray wavefront sensor in imaging, we developed a 3D wave propagation model based on Fresnel propagator. The model can manage any degree of spatial coherence of the source, thus enabling us to model experiments accurately using tabletop, synchrotron or X-ray free-electron lasers. Beam divergence is described in a physical manner consistent with the spatial coherence. Since the Hartmann sensor can detect phase and absorption variation with high sensitivity, a precise simulation tool is thus needed to optimize the experimental parameters. Examples are displayed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T20:17:52Z","timestamp":1605212272000},"page":"6469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modelling of Phase Contrast Imaging with X-ray Wavefront Sensor and Partial Coherence Beams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Begani Provinciali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LOA, ENSTA Paris, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique IP Paris, 828 Boulevard des Mar\u00e9chaux, 91120 Palaiseau, France"},{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology-CNR c\/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Cedola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology-CNR c\/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ombeline de La","family":"Rochefoucauld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imagine Optic, rue Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Zeitoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LOA, ENSTA Paris, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique IP Paris, 828 Boulevard des Mar\u00e9chaux, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fratini, M., Bukreeva, I.N., Campi, G., Brun, F., Tromba, G., Modregger, P., Bucci, D., Battaglia, G., Span\u00f2, R., and Mastrogiacomo, M. 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