{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:22:00Z","timestamp":1771467720691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["759159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["759159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the State Budget of the Russian Federation","award":["IAE project No. AAAAA17-117062110026-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAE project No. AAAAA17-117062110026-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laser ablation (LA) of cancer is a minimally invasive technique based on targeted heat release. Controlling tissue temperature during LA is crucial to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in the organs while preserving the healthy tissue around. Here, we report the design and implementation of a real-time monitoring system performing closed-loop temperature control, based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) spatial measurements. Highly dense FBG arrays (1.19 mm length, 0.01 mm edge-to-edge distance) were inscribed in polyimide-coated fibers using the femtosecond point-by-point writing technology to obtain the spatial resolution needed for accurate reconstruction of high-gradient temperature profiles during LA. The zone control strategy was implemented such that the temperature in the laser-irradiated area was maintained at specific set values (43 and 55 \u00b0C), in correspondence to specific radii (2 and 6 mm) of the targeted zone. The developed control system was assessed in terms of measured temperature maps during an ex vivo liver LA. Results suggest that the temperature-feedback system provides several advantages, including controlling the margins of the ablated zone and keeping the maximum temperature below the critical values. Our strategy and resulting analysis go beyond the state-of-the-art LA regulation techniques, encouraging further investigation in the identification of the optimal control-loop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"6496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Closed-Loop Temperature Control Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Laser Ablation of Hepatic Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sanzhar","family":"Korganbayev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, 20133 Milano MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Orrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, 20133 Milano MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, 20133 Milano MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"De Landro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, 20133 Milano MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5176-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fiber Optics, Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Dostovalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fiber Optics, Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4236-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Saccomandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, 20133 Milano MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v9.i3.91","article-title":"Laser Ablation of Liver Tumors: An Ancillary Technique, or an Alternative to Radiofrequency and Microwave?","volume":"9","author":"Sartori","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. 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