{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:35:35Z","timestamp":1779892535943,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71671159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71671159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71971188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71971188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2018203302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2018203302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2020203005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2020203005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, more and more smart homes have become one of important parts of home infrastructure. However, most of the smart home applications are not interconnected and remain isolated. They use the cloud center as the control platform, which increases the risk of link congestion and data security. Thus, in the future, smart homes based on edge computing without using cloud center become an important research area. In this paper, we assume that all applications in a smart home environment are composed of edge nodes and users. In order to maximize the utility of users, we assume that all users and edge nodes are placed in a market and formulate a pricing resource allocation model with utility maximization. We apply the Lagrangian method to analyze the model, so an edge node (provider in the market) allocates its resources to a user (customer in the market) based on the prices of resources and the utility related to the preference of users. To obtain the optimal resource allocation, we propose a pricing-based resource allocation algorithm by using low-pass filtering scheme and conform that the proposed algorithm can achieve an optimum within reasonable convergence times through some numerical examples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"6545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Resource Allocation for Edge Computing without Using Cloud Center in Smart Home Environment: A Pricing Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1800","article-title":"Edge Computing in Smart Homes","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109362","article-title":"Optimization methods for power scheduling problems in smart home: Survey","volume":"115","author":"Makhadmeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, November 14). Chinese Smart Home Market Outlook and Investment Strategy Planning Report for 2020\u20132025, Prospective Industrial Research Institute. Available online: https:\/\/bg.qianzhan.com\/report\/detail\/1609221718505703.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2019.101867","article-title":"What will be the possible barriers to consumers\u2019adoption of smart home services?","volume":"44","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Badi, A.H., Ahshan, R., Hosseinzadeh, N., Ghorbani, R., and Hossain, E. (2020). Survey of Smart Grid Concepts and Technological Demonstrations Worldwide Emphasizing on the Oman Perspective. Appl. Syst. Innov., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi3010005"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"541","article-title":"Edge Computing: Review and Application Research on New Computing Paradigm","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Front. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Challa, M.L., and Soujanya, K.L.S. (2020). Secured smart mobile app for smart home environment. Mater. Today Proc., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.07.536"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09093-0","article-title":"Mixed-dependency models for multi-resident activity recognition in smart homes","volume":"79","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2950109","article-title":"Smart collaborative automation for receive buffer control in multipath industrial networks","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE T. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153123","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947542","article-title":"A Review of Fog Computing and Machine Learning: Concepts, Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues","volume":"7","author":"Abdulkareem","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2780236","article-title":"Multiobjective Optimization for Computation Offloading in Fog Computing","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.06.029","article-title":"Edge-centric delegation of authorization for constrained devices in the Internet of Things","volume":"160","author":"Grande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102202","article-title":"Energy-efficient User Selection and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"107","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ad. Hoc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102531","article-title":"Fog-based smart homes: A systematic review","volume":"153","author":"Rahimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6046","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2958097","article-title":"Smart Collaborative Tracking for Ubiquitous Power IoT in Edge-Cloud Interplay Domain","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.06.002","article-title":"Smart collaborative distribution for privacy enhancement in moving target defense","volume":"479","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-019-09491-1","article-title":"Resource Management Approaches in Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"18","author":"Souri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Grid. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2491","article-title":"Survey on computation offloading and content caching in mobile edge networks","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ruan Jian Xue Bao\/J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800187","article-title":"Modeling Space-Terrestrial Integrated Networks with Smart Collaborative Theory","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.117","article-title":"Impact of drone delivery on sustainability and cost: Realizing the UAV potential through vehicle routing optimization","volume":"242","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, F., Ai, Z., Zhang, H., You, I., and Li, S. (2020). Smart Collaborative Balancing for Dependable Network Components in Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE T. Ind. Inform.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3029766"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Singh, R., Zhao, T., and Niu, Z. (2016, January 22\u201327). An index based task assignment policy for achieving optimal power-delay tradeoff in edge cloud systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7511147"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oueis, J., Calvanese, E., and Barbarossa, S. (2014, January 2\u20135). Small cell clustering for efficient distributed cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 25th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2014.7136401"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Choi, D. (2020). Energy management of smart home with home appliances, energy storage system and electric vehicle: A hierarchical deep reinforcement learning approach. Sensors (Switzerland), 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072157"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2017.015014","article-title":"A smart home energy management system using IoT and big data analytics approach","volume":"63","author":"Zualkernan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE T. Consum. Electr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Gong, J., Zhuang, Y., Shen, H., and Lach, J. (2017, January 7\u20139). HealthEdge: Task scheduling for edge computing with health emergency and human behavior consideration in smart homes. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258047"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8469410","article-title":"ForChaos: Real time application DDoS detection using forecasting and chaos theory in smart home IoT network","volume":"2019","author":"Procopiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"55","article-title":"Design of intelligent home security monitoring system based on Internet of Things","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Electron. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oueis, J., Calvanese, E., Domenico, A.D., and Barbarossa, S. (2014, January 6\u20139). On the impact of backhaul network on distributed cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2014.6934853"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7487","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-018-3169-3","article-title":"SSLB: Self-Similarity-Based Load Balancing for Large-Scale Fog Computing","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oueis, J., Calvanese, E., and Barbarossa, S. (2015, January 11\u201314). The Fog Balancing: Load Distribution for Small Cell Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, Scotland.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2015.7146129"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-5200-5","article-title":"Multi-objective Optimization of Resource Scheduling in Fog Computing Using an Improved NSGA-II","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Service Reliability Oriented Cloud Resource Scheduling Method","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Elect. Ronica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Zhou, Z., Tapani, R., and Niu, Z. (2017, January 4\u20138). Energy Efficient Optimization for Computation Offloading in Fog Computing System. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017\u20142017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2816590","article-title":"Offloading in Internet of Vehicles: A Fog-Enabled Real-Time Traffic Management System","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE T. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-014-1345-0","article-title":"Cost and energy aware service provisioning for mobile client in cloud computing environment","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-016-9211-1","article-title":"A mechanism for resource pricing and fairness in peer-to-peer networks","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhang, Y., and Sun, W. (2019). Optimal Resource Allocation Model and Algorithm for Elastic Enterprise Applications Migration to the Cloud. Mathematics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/math7100909"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.T., Le, L.B., and Bhargava, V. (2018). Price-based Resource Allocation for Edge Computing: A Market Equilibrium Approach. IEEE T. Cloud. Comput."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2005.852876","article-title":"Non-convex optimization and rate control for multiclass services in the Internet","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.887322","article-title":"Layering as optimization decomposition: A mathematical theory of network architectures","volume":"95","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1561\/1300000007","article-title":"Network optimization and control","volume":"3","author":"Shakkottai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Found. Trends Netw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1080\/00207721.2013.769073","article-title":"Fair resource allocation and stability for communication networks with multipath routing","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2018194","article-title":"Utility maximization for bandwidth allocation in peer-to-peer file-sharing networks","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Manag. Optim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2015.06.001","article-title":"Resource allocation for multi-class services in multipath networks","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1109\/90.879343","article-title":"Fair end-to-end window-based congestion control","volume":"8","author":"Mo","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Li, S., and Sun, W. (2020). Utility maximisation for resource allocation of migrating enterprise applications into the cloud. Enterp. Inf. Syst.-Uk, 1\u201333."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"38","article-title":"Discussion of Step Function and Its Value at Time Zero","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electr. Electron. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Bertsekas, D.P. (2003). Nonlinear Programming, Athena Scientific."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"252","article-title":"Generalized Lagrange Multiplier Method and KKT Conditions with an Application to Distributed Optimization","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-05065-6","article-title":"Design of optimal low-pass filter by a new Levy swallow swarm algorithm","volume":"24","author":"Sarangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Stephen, B., and Lieven, V. (2013). Convex Optimization, Tsinghua University Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:17Z","timestamp":1760178857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]}}}