{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:38:33Z","timestamp":1762508313721,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detailed mapping of landfast ice deformation can be used to characterize the rheological behavior of landfast ice effectively and to improve sea ice modeling subsequently. In order to analyze the characteristics, trends and causes of deformation comprehensively and accurately, the Sentinel-1A ascending and descending orbits data were used to detect the horizontal and vertical deformation of the fast ice in the Baltic Sea. Firstly, the fast ice edge lines were acquired through feature extraction with interferometric coherence images and SAR amplitude images. Then, the deformation transformed model was constructed according to the geometric relationship of multi-orbits deformation measurements. Finally, the landfast ice deformations were resolved and the horizontal and vertical deformations were obtained. The results showed that the maximum deformation was\u201444 cm in horizontal direction and 16 cm in vertical direction within the fast ice region of 960 km2 during the time from 2 to 16 February 2018. The southwest wind was the principal reason for the deformation, which made the deformation mainly occur in the horizontal direction from east to west. Moreover, the inner fast ice kept stable due to the protection of outer consolidated ice. The results showed that the deformation trend and characteristics can be better understood by using InSAR technology that was combined with multi-orbits SAR data to resolve and analyze the landfast ice deformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T07:23:28Z","timestamp":1605597808000},"page":"6561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Resolving and Analyzing Landfast Ice Deformation by InSAR Technology Combined with Sentinel-1A Ascending and Descending Orbits Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Jinning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3176\/earth.2013.01","article-title":"Land-ice interaction in the Baltic Sea","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"Est. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.06.001","article-title":"Sea ice in the Baltic Sea\u2014A review","volume":"70","author":"Granskog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2018.02.001","article-title":"Evaluating landfast sea ice stress and fracture in support of operations on sea ice using SAR interferometry","volume":"149","author":"Dammann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.032","article-title":"Assessing small-scale deformation and stability of landfast sea ice on seasonal timescales through L-band SAR interferometry and inverse modeling","volume":"187","author":"Dammann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mesher, D., Proskin, S., and Madsen, E. (2008, January 23\u201328). Ice Road Assessment, Modeling and Management. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets, Calgary, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50193","article-title":"CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume","volume":"40","author":"Laxon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2336752","article-title":"X-Band Interferometric SAR Observations of Baltic Fast Ice","volume":"53","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marbouti, M., Praks, J., Antropov, O., Rinne, E., and Lepp\u00e4ranta, M. (2017). A Study of Landfast Ice with Sentinel-1 Repeat-Pass Interferometry over the Baltic Sea. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080833"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214163","article-title":"SAR interferometry over Baltic Sea ice","volume":"19","author":"Dammert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.006","article-title":"Mapping arctic Landfast ice extent using L-band synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"115","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.02.005","article-title":"Resolving three-dimensional surface displacements from insar measurements: A review","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR01285","article-title":"Detection of aquifer system compaction and land subsidence using interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","volume":"34","author":"Galloway","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation","volume":"27","author":"Amelung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.007","article-title":"Surface deformation from persistent scatterers SAR interferometry and fusion with leveling data: A case study over the Choushui River Alluvial Fan, Taiwan","volume":"115","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.266","article-title":"Earthquake rapid mapping using ascending and descending Sentinel-1 TOPSAR interferograms","volume":"100","author":"Mora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01607","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018827","article-title":"Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR","volume":"31","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.006","article-title":"Time-variable 3D ground displacements from high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Application to La Valette landslide (South French Alps)","volume":"139","author":"Raucoules","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2016.05.003","article-title":"Vertical and horizontal displacements of Los Angeles from InSAR and GPS time series analysis: Resolving tectonic and anthropogenic motions","volume":"99","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3","article-title":"On the structure and mechanics of pack ice in the Bothnian Bay","volume":"248","year":"1981","journal-title":"Finn. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2290331","article-title":"Baltic sea ice concentration estimation based on C-band dual-polarized SAR data","volume":"52","author":"Karvonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1109\/36.885196","article-title":"Estimation of snow water equivalence using SIR-C\/X-SAR. II. Inferring snow depth and particle size","volume":"38","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, January 20). Sentinel-1 User Handbook, Sentinel-1 Team. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/documents\/247904\/685163\/Sentinel-1_User_Handbook."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, February 24). ACE2 DEM, A Data Center in NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). Available online: https:\/\/sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\/data\/set\/dedc-ace-v2\/data-download."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, February 24). Ice Chart, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Ice Conditions. Available online: http:\/\/www.smhi.se\/klimatdata\/oceanografi\/havsis."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, March 18). Meteorological Information, Finland Meteorological Institute, Weather and Sea. Available online: https:\/\/en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi\/weather-and-sea."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, March 18). Ajos, Kemi Airport. Available online: https:\/\/www.timeanddate.com\/weather\/@661668\/historic?month=2&year=2018."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/4\/001","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Bamler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1983.6313036","article-title":"A simple speckle smoothing algorithm for synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673674","article-title":"A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming","volume":"36","author":"Costantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.03.039","article-title":"Evaluation of the operational SAR based Baltic Sea ice concentration products","volume":"56","author":"Karvonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2019, December 14). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA GSHHG Data Version 2.3.7, Available online: https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/mgg\/shorelines\/data\/gshhg\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rocca, F. (2003, January 1\u20135). 3D motion recovery with multi-angle and\/or left right interferometry. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on ERS SAR, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0563-6","article-title":"3D coseismic displacement of 2010 Darfield, New Zealand earthquake estimated from multi-aperture InSAR and D-InSAR measurements","volume":"86","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC005759","article-title":"A seamless multitrack multitemporal InSAR algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Shirzaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2009.10.003","article-title":"A review of the engineering properties of sea ice","volume":"60","author":"Timco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Park, J., Hong, S., and Won, J. (2015, January 26\u201331). Interferometric analysis of quad-pol SAR data for observation of sea ice dynamics. Proceedings of the IEEE IGARSS, Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326557"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Meng, J., and Wang, Z. (2016, January 10\u201315). Sea ice detection with TanDEM-X SAR data in the Bohai Sea. Proceedings of the IEEE IGARSS, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729083"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2258402","article-title":"Karin on SWOT: Characteristics of near-nadir ka-band interferometric SAR imagery","volume":"52","author":"Fjortoft","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaze, P., Kaki, S., Limonadi, D., Esteban-Fernandez, D., and Zohar, G. (2018, January 3\u201310). The surface water and ocean topography mission. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2018.8396504"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Dong, X., Shi, X., Zhai, W., Yang, Q., Li, D., Kang, X., and Jiang, J. (2018, January 14\u201317). Demonstration of ocean target detection by Tiangong-2 interferometric imaging radar altimeter. Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Microwave and Radar Conference, Poznan, Poland.","DOI":"10.23919\/MIKON.2018.8405194"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shi, X., Wang, H., Tan, Y., Zhai, W., Dong, X., Kang, X., Yang, Q., Li, D., and Jiang, J. (2018, January 6\u20139). Interferometric Imaging Radar Altimeter on Board Chinese Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/APMC.2018.8617189"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:32Z","timestamp":1760178872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]}}}