{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:08:29Z","timestamp":1778324909587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R511730\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R511730\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Textile-based systems are an attractive prospect for wearable technology as they can provide monitoring of key physiological parameters in a comfortable and unobtrusive form. A novel system based on multichannel optical fibre sensor probes integrated into a textile sleeve is described. The system measures the photoplethysmogram (PPG) at two wavelengths (660 and 830 nm), which is then used to calculate oxygen saturation (SpO2). In order to achieve reliable measurement without adjusting the position of the garment, four plastic optical fibre (POF) probes are utilised to increase the likelihood that a high-quality PPG is obtained due to at least one of the probes being positioned over a blood vessel. Each probe transmits and receives light into the skin to measure the PPG and SpO2. All POFs are integrated in a stretchable textile sleeve with a circumference of 15 cm to keep the sensor in contact with the subject\u2019s wrist and to minimise motion artefacts. Tests on healthy volunteers show that the multichannel PPG sensor faithfully provides an SpO2 reading in at least one of the four sensor channels in all cases with no need for adjusting the position of the sleeve. This could not be achieved using a single sensor alone. The multichannel sensor is used to monitor the SpO2 of 10 participants with an average wrist circumference of 16.0 \u00b1 0.6 cm. Comparing the developed sensor\u2019s SpO2 readings to a reference commercial oximeter (reflectance Masimo Radical-7) illustrates that the mean difference between the two sensors\u2019 readings is \u22120.03%, the upper limit of agreement (LOA) is 0.52% and the lower LOA is \u22120.58%. This multichannel sensor has the potential to achieve reliable, unobtrusive and comfortable textile-based monitoring of both heart rate and SpO2 during everyday life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1605610932000},"page":"6568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Textile Sleeve for Monitoring Oxygen Saturation Using Multichannel Optical Fibre Photoplethysmography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1832-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hattan K.","family":"Ballaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computers and Information System, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serhiy","family":"Korposh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barrie R.","family":"Hayes-Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco U.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Footfalls and Heartbeats (UK) Ltd., Nottingham NG7 1FW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Salisbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Footfalls and Heartbeats (UK) Ltd., Nottingham NG7 1FW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"Footfalls and Heartbeats (UK) Ltd., Nottingham NG7 1FW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101039","article-title":"The MAIN Shirt: A Textile-Integrated Magnetic Induction Sensor Array","volume":"14","author":"Teichmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00983","article-title":"Monitoring energy expenditure using a multi-sensor device-Applications and limitations of the sense wear armband in athletic populations","volume":"8","author":"Koehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.05.014","article-title":"Smart Vest: Wearable multi-parameter remote physiological monitoring system","volume":"30","author":"Pandian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"133","article-title":"The LifeShirt: A multi-function ambulatory system monitoring health, disease, and medical intervention in the real world","volume":"108","author":"Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"128","article-title":"Body-monitoring with photonic textiles: A reflective heartbeat sensor based on polymer optical fibres","volume":"14","author":"Quandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X10377676","article-title":"Polymeric Optical Fiber Fabrics for Illumination and Sensorial Applications in Textiles","volume":"21","author":"Selm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5511","article-title":"Polymer optical fibres in healthcare: Solutions, applications and implications. A perspective","volume":"67","author":"Quandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-9068-2","article-title":"A review of approaches to mobility telemonitoring of the elderly in their living environment","volume":"34","author":"Scanaill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1889","article-title":"Towards multimaterial multifunctional fibres that see, hear, sense and communicate","volume":"6","author":"Abouraddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02442476","article-title":"Spectrophotometric monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation in the fingertip","volume":"18","author":"Yoshiya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2417863","article-title":"Reflectance Photoplethysmography as Noninvasive Monitoring of Tissue Blood Perfusion","volume":"62","author":"Abay","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(95)00049-6","article-title":"Signal processing methods for pulse oximetry","volume":"26","author":"Rusch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17076","DOI":"10.3390\/s150717076","article-title":"A single-chip CMOS pulse oximeter with on-chip lock-in detection","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors (Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2011). Medical Electrical Equipment\u2014Part 2-61: Particular Requirements for Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Pulse Oximeter Equipment, ISO. ISO 80601-2-61."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/1\/R01","article-title":"Pulse oximetry in the oesophagus","volume":"27","author":"Kyriacou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/5\/881","article-title":"Forehead reflectance photoplethysmography to monitor heart rate: Preliminary results from neonatal patients","volume":"35","author":"Grubb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01250.x","article-title":"Accuracy of pulse oximetry in assessing heart rate of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2007.910900","article-title":"Multichannel Reflective PPG Earpiece Sensor With Passive Motion Cancellation","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2235424","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Wristwatch-Type Photoplethysmography Array Sensor Module","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendelson, Y., Dao, D.K., and Chon, K.H. (2013, January 6\u20139). Multi-channel pulse oximetry for wearable physiological monitoring. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2013.6575518"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25681","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025681","article-title":"A Multi-Channel Opto-Electronic Sensor to Accurately Monitor Heart Rate against Motion Artefact during Exercise","volume":"15","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12973","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.012973","article-title":"Photonic textiles for pulse oximetry","volume":"16","author":"Rothmaier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.002537","article-title":"Development of a luminous textile for reflective pulse oximetry measurements","volume":"5","author":"Krehel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Correia, R., Ballaji, H., Korposh, S., Hayes-Gill, B., and Morgan, S.P. (2018). Optical Fibre-Based Pulse Oximetry Sensor with Contact Force Detection. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113632"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.722","article-title":"Analysis of Possibilities of the Optical Fibers Usage in the Microprocessor Pulse\u2014Oximeter","volume":"52","author":"Kusznier","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026120","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.2.026120","article-title":"Method for producing angled optical fiber tips in the laboratory","volume":"55","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.699","article-title":"Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS Generator","volume":"40","author":"Reips","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"561","article-title":"The pulse oximeter perfusion index as a predictor for high illness severity in neonates","volume":"161","author":"Latini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S30257","article-title":"Use of perfusion index from pulse oximetry to determine efficacy of stellate ganglion block","volume":"5","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Local Reg. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"National Instruments (2020, October 31). Understanding Frequency Performance Specifications\u2014National Instruments. Available online: http:\/\/www.ni.com\/product-documentation\/3359\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/IJAM.IJAM_54_17","article-title":"Bland\u2013Altman plot: A brief overview","volume":"3","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021305","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3370336","article-title":"Real-time optoacoustic monitoring and three-dimensional mapping of a human arm vasculature","volume":"15","author":"Fronheiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13012","DOI":"10.1039\/C6DT01428C","article-title":"Upconverting nanoparticles for the near infrared photoactivation of transition metal complexes: New opportunities and challenges in medicinal inorganic photochemistry","volume":"45","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.004313","article-title":"Multi-wavelength photoplethysmography method for skin arterial pulse extraction","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083718764906","article-title":"Assessing the comfort of functional fabrics for smart clothing using subjective evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Tadesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, C., Shipley, L., Ward, C., Mirahmadi, S., Liu, C., Morgan, S., Crowe, J.A., Carpenter, J., Hayes-Gill, B., and Sharkey, D. (2020). Accurate neonatal heart rate monitoring using a new wireless, cap mounted device. Acta Paediatr.","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15303"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1760178882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226568","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]}}}