{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:11:26Z","timestamp":1784542286313,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP-2020\/256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2020\/256"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of medical signal processing capabilities and advanced sensors into Internet of Things (IoT) devices plays a key role in providing comfort and convenience to human lives. As the number of patients is increasing gradually, providing healthcare facilities to each patient, particularly to the patients located in remote regions, not only has become challenging but also results in several issues, such as: (i) increase in workload on paramedics, (ii) wastage of time, and (iii) accommodation of patients. Therefore, the design of smart healthcare systems has become an important area of research to overcome these above-mentioned issues. Several healthcare applications have been designed using wireless sensor networks (WSNs), cloud computing, and fog computing. Most of the e-healthcare applications are designed using the cloud computing paradigm. Cloud-based architecture introduces high latency while processing huge amounts of data, thus restricting the large-scale implementation of latency-sensitive e-healthcare applications. Fog computing architecture offers processing and storage resources near to the edge of the network, thus, designing e-healthcare applications using the fog computing paradigm is of interest to meet the low latency requirement of such applications. Patients that are minors or are in intensive care units (ICUs) are unable to self-report their pain conditions. The remote healthcare monitoring applications deploy IoT devices with bio-sensors capable of sensing surface electromyogram (sEMG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals to monitor the pain condition of such patients. In this article, fog computing architecture is proposed for deploying a remote pain monitoring system. The key motivation for adopting the fog paradigm in our proposed approach is to reduce latency and network consumption. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in minimizing delay and network utilization, simulations were carried out in iFogSim and the results were compared with the cloud-based systems. The results of the simulations carried out in this research indicate that a reduction in both latency and network consumption can be achieved by adopting the proposed approach for implementing a remote pain monitoring system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T22:46:46Z","timestamp":1605653206000},"page":"6574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Remote Pain Monitoring Using Fog Computing for e-Healthcare: An Efficient Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Rizwan","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishtiaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafiq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alfaify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, S., Hassan, M.F., Khan, M.K., Jung, L.T., and Awang, A. (2019). An analytical model to minimize the latency in healthcare internet-of-things in fog computing environment. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224934"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47980","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2866491","article-title":"Fog Computing: Survey of trends, architectures, requirements, and research directions","volume":"6","author":"Naha","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsh.2016.10.2.18","article-title":"From cloud to fog and IoT-based real-time U-healthcare monitoring for smart homes and hospitals","volume":"10","author":"Nandyala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Home"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gia, T.N., Jiang, M., Rahmani, A.-M., Westerlund, T., Liljeberg, P., and Tenhunen, H. (2015, January 26\u201328). Fog computing in healthcare internet of things: A case study on ecg feature extraction. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Liverpool, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT\/IUCC\/DASC\/PICOM.2015.51"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Ding, G., Wang, H., Roman, H.E., and Lu, S. (2015, January 28\u201330). The fog computing service for healthcare. Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Symposium on Future Information and Communication Technologies for Ubiquitous HealthCare (Ubi-HealthTech), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/Ubi-HealthTech.2015.7203325"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/03630269.2015.1025141","article-title":"Usability and feasibility of an mHealth intervention for monitoring and managing pain symptoms in sickle cell disease: The Sickle Cell Disease Mobile Application to Record Symptoms via Technology (SMART)","volume":"39","author":"Jonassaint","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2010.2082525","article-title":"Automatically detecting pain in video through facial action units","volume":"41","author":"Lucey","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"K\u00e4chele, M., Werner, P., Al-Hamadi, A., Palm, G., Walter, S., and Schwenker, F. (July, January 29). Bio-visual fusion for person-independent recognition of pain intensity. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, G\u00fcnzburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-015-0586-3","article-title":"Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., and Liu, L. (2011, January 19\u201322). Remote neonatal pain assessment system based on internet of things. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Internet of Things and 4th International Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings\/CPSCom.2011.116"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2776351","article-title":"IoT-Based Remote Pain Monitoring System: From Device to Cloud Platform","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Fonseca, N.L., and Boutaba, R. (2015). Cloud Services, Networking, and Management, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119042655"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2015.0034","article-title":"Theoretical modelling of fog computing: A green computing paradigm to support IoT applications","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-C.P., Chen, S., Wang, T.-J., and Lee, Y. (2016, January 15\u201317). Fog computing node system software architecture and potential applications for NB-IoT industry. Proceedings of the 2016 International Computer Symposium (ICS), Chiayi, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICS.2016.0150"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.37","article-title":"Fog computing for the internet of things: Security and privacy issues","volume":"21","author":"Alrawais","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.014","article-title":"Exploiting smart e-Health gateways at the edge of healthcare Internet-of-Things: A fog computing approach","volume":"78","author":"Rahmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2901850","article-title":"An online optimization framework for distributed fog network formation with minimal latency","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skorin-Kapov, L., and Matijasevic, M. (2010). Analysis of QoS requirements for e-health services and mapping to evolved packet system QoS classes. Int. J. Telemed. Appl., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/628086"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2004.838362","article-title":"Performance analysis of multiplexed medical data transmission for mobile emergency care over the UMTS channel","volume":"9","author":"Canales","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 17). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25445","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2766923","article-title":"A framework of fog computing: Architecture, challenges, and optimization","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Optimal workload allocation in fog-cloud computing toward balanced delay and power consumption","volume":"3","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishtala, R., Carpenter, P., Petrucci, V., and Martorell, X. (2017, January 4\u20138). Hipster: Hybrid task manager for latency-critical cloud workloads. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2017.13"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N., Yang, Y., Li, J., and Zhang, T. (November, January 30). A fog-based service enablement architecture for cross-domain IoT applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Fog World Congress (FWC), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FWC.2017.8368533"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43356","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908263","article-title":"Mobility-Aware Task Offloading and Migration Schemes in Fog Computing Networks","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8065","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2902840","article-title":"An efficient and provably secure authenticated key agreement protocol for fog-based vehicular ad-hoc networks","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600838","article-title":"TelcoFog: A unified flexible fog and cloud computing architecture for 5G networks","volume":"55","author":"Vilalta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dar, B.K., Shah, M.A., Shahid, H., and Naseem, A. (2018, January 21\u201322). Fog computing based automated accident detection and emergency response system using android smartphone. Proceedings of the 2018 14th International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICET.2018.8603557"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"10","article-title":"Fog in comparison to cloud: A survey","volume":"122","author":"Saharan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atlam, H.F., Walters, R.J., and Wills, G.B. (2018). Fog computing and the internet of things: A review. Big Data Cogn. Comput., 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/3264560.3264570"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastjerdi, A.V., Gupta, H., Calheiros, R.N., Ghosh, S.K., and Buyya, R. (2016). Fog computing: Principles, architectures, and applications. Internet of Things, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805395-9.00004-6"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.245","article-title":"Fog computing: Helping the Internet of Things realize its potential","volume":"49","author":"Dastjerdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2018.000036","article-title":"Double-matching resource allocation strategy in fog computing networks based on cost efficiency","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2945066","article-title":"PORA: Predictive offloading and resource allocation in dynamic fog computing systems","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.07.049","article-title":"Enabling technologies for fog computing in healthcare IoT systems","volume":"90","author":"Mutlag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Comparison of fog computing & cloud computing","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Math. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2019.1800050","article-title":"Integrating fog computing with VANETs: A consumer perspective","volume":"3","author":"Khattak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muheidat, F., Tawalbeh, L.A., and Tyrer, H. (February, January 31). Context-aware, accurate, and real time fall detection system for elderly people. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC), Laguna Hills, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2018.00068"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tejaswini, S., Sriraam, N., and Pradeep, G. (2018, January 3\u20135). Cloud-Based Framework for Pain Scale Assessment in NICU-A Primitive Study with Infant Cries. Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Circuits, Control, Communication and Computing (I4C), Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIMCA.2018.8739712"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"GJ, B.K. (2018, January 21\u201323). Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing based Persistent Vegetative State Patient Monitoring System: A remote Assessment and Management. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computational Techniques, Electronics and Mechanical Systems (CTEMS), Belagavi, India."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32258","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2846609","article-title":"UbeHealth: A personalized ubiquitous cloud and edge-enabled networked healthcare system for smart cities","volume":"6","author":"Muhammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.036","article-title":"Towards fog-driven IoT eHealth: Promises and challenges of IoT in medicine and healthcare","volume":"78","author":"Farahani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negash, B., Gia, T.N., Anzanpour, A., Azimi, I., Jiang, M., Westerlund, T., Rahmani, A.M., Liljeberg, P., and Tenhunen, H. (2018). Leveraging fog computing for healthcare IoT. Fog Computing in the Internet of Things, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57639-8_8"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaigawali, M.N., and Chaskar, U. (2018, January 14\u201315). Cloud Based ECG Monitoring and Fibrillation Detection for Healthcare System. Proceedings of the 2018 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2018.8662999"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71216","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2881489","article-title":"Factors affecting the successful adoption of e-health cloud based health system from healthcare consumers\u2019 perspective","volume":"6","author":"Idoga","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2768407","article-title":"A fog-based healthcare framework for chikungunya","volume":"5","author":"Sood","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2509","article-title":"iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qaddoura, R., and Manaseer, S. (November, January 31). Comparative Study for the Effect of CPU Speed in Fog Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 Fifth International Symposium on Innovation in Information and Communication Technology (ISIICT), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIICT.2018.8613284"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Jayasena, K.N., and Thisarasinghe, B. (2019, January 10\u201312). Optimized task scheduling on fog computing environment using meta heuristic algorithms. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud), Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159100","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2950950","article-title":"Towards a Fog Enabled Efficient Car Parking Architecture","volume":"7","author":"Awaisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, R., Kotagiri, R., and Buyya, R. (2018). Fog computing: A taxonomy, survey and future directions. Internet of Everything, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5861-5_5"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., and Ma, A. (2020). IoT Application Modules Placement and Dynamic Task Processing in Edge-Cloud Computing. IEEE Internet Things J., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3007751"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2814571","article-title":"Survey of fog computing: Fundamental, network applications, and research challenges","volume":"20","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Friesen, E., and Ekman, P. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, 3."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127678","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2939623","article-title":"Motor imagery EEG signals classification based on mode amplitude and frequency components using empirical wavelet transform","volume":"7","author":"Sadiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahbari, D., and Nickray, M. (2017, January 6\u201310). Scheduling of fog networks with optimized knapsack by symbiotic organisms search. Proceedings of the 2017 21st Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.23919\/FRUCT.2017.8250193"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-01854-x","article-title":"Mobility aware autonomic approach for the migration of application modules in fog computing environment","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3906\/elk-1810-47","article-title":"Low-latency and energy-efficient scheduling in fog-based IoT applications","volume":"27","author":"Rahbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.21608\/mjeer.2019.76711","article-title":"Smart Health Monitoring System based on IoT and Cloud Computing","volume":"28","author":"Siam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Menoufia J. Electron. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casti, P., Mencattini, A., Filippi, J., D\u2019Orazio, M., Comes, M.C., Di Giuseppe, D., and Martinelli, E. (July, January 1). A Personalized Assessment Platform for Non-invasive Monitoring of Pain. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA49120.2020.9137138"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-7134-7","article-title":"Remote health monitoring of elderly through wearable sensors","volume":"78","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:55Z","timestamp":1760178895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226574","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]}}}