{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T19:25:30Z","timestamp":1772652330394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61601388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Key Project of Fujian Province","award":["2018HZ0002-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018HZ0002-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a key technology of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been promising to provide safety and infotainment for drivers and passengers. To support different applications about traffic safety, traffic efficiency, autonomous driving and entertainment, it is important to investigate how to effectively deliver content in VANETs. Since it takes resources such as bandwidth and power for base stations (BSs) or roadside units (RSUs) to deliver content, the optimal pricing strategy for BSs and the optimal caching incentive scheme for RSUs need to be studied. In this paper, a framework of content delivery is proposed first, where each moving vehicle can obtain small-volume content files from either the nearest BS or the nearest RSU according to the competition among them. Then, the profit models for both BSs and RSUs are established based on stochastic geometry and point processes theory. Next, a caching incentive scheme for RSUs based on Stackelberg game is proposed, where both competition sides (i.e., BSs and RSUs) can maximize their own profits. Besides, a backward introduction method is introduced to solve the Stackelberg equilibrium. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that BSs can obtain their own optimal pricing strategy for maximizing the profit as well as RSUs can obtain the optimal caching scheme with the maximum profit during the content delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1605767032000},"page":"6625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Stackelberg Game-Based Caching Incentive Scheme for Roadside Units in VANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuankun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2611605","article-title":"LTE-V: A TD-LTE-Based V2X solution for future vehicular network","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116542","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936144","article-title":"A novel capture-aware TDMA-based MAC protocol for safety messages broadcast in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6515061","article-title":"Multichannel communications in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey","volume":"55","author":"Campolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2425960","article-title":"Performance modeling and analysis of the IEEE 802.11p EDCA mechanism for VANET","volume":"65","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2953047","article-title":"Delay Sensitive Task Offloading in the 802.11p Based Vehicular Fog Computing Systems","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2440374","article-title":"TDMA-based MAC protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey, qualitative analysis, and open research issues","volume":"17","author":"Hadded","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4200","article-title":"A new comprehensive RSU installation strategy for cost-efficient VANET deployment","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6461","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2630300","article-title":"A game theoretic approach to parked vehicle assisted content delivery in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"66","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2920813","article-title":"Characterizing urban vehicle-to-vehicle communications for reliable safety applications","volume":"21","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2739830","article-title":"Beacon rate optimization for vehicular safety applications in highway scenarios","volume":"67","author":"Luong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2016.09.018","article-title":"Analysis of event-driven warning message propagation in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7402268","article-title":"Information-centric networking for connected vehicles: A survey and future perspectives","volume":"54","author":"Amadeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Ge, H., Fan, P., Wang, J., Fan, Q., and Li, Z. (2020). Time-dependent Performance Analysis of the 802.11p-based Platooning Communications Under Disturbance. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3034622"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600449CM","article-title":"Coding for caching in 5G networks","volume":"55","author":"Fadlallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166435","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952664","article-title":"Stackelberg-Game-Based Mechanism for Opportunistic Data Offloading Using Moving Vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2959799","article-title":"Content Delivery Based on Vehicular Cloud","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7630","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2837024","article-title":"Traffic offloading for online video service in vehicular networks: A cooperative approach","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndikumana, A., Tran, N.H., Kim, D.H., Kim, K.T., and Hong, C.S. (2020). Deep Learning Based Caching for Self-Driving Cars in Multi-Access Edge Computing. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2976572"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Yao, L., Wang, Y., Wang, X., and Wu, G. (2019). Cooperative Caching in Vehicular Content Centric Network based on Social Attributes and Mobility. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Zhou, S., and Niu, Z. (2018, January 9\u201313). Joint Optimization of Cache Allocation and Content Placement in Urban Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647913"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.08.005","article-title":"An efficient caching policy for content retrieval in autonomous connected vehicles","volume":"140","author":"Rahima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600195WC","article-title":"The next generation vehicular networks: A content-centric framework","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2873096","article-title":"Content in motion: An edge computing based relay scheme for content dissemination in urban vehicular networks","volume":"20","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, Y., Su, Z., and Luan, T.H. (2017, January 4\u20138). Optimal access control in heterogeneous vehicular networks: A game theoretic approach. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8253974"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhang, Z., Yu, R., and Zhang, Y. (2017, January 22\u201324). Low-latency caching with auction game in vehicular edge computing. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2017.8330526"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2964685","article-title":"Trust Based Secure Content Delivery in Vehicular Networks: A Bargaining Game Theoretical Approach","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fudenberg, D., and Tirole, J. (1993). Game Theory, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haenggi, M. (2012). Stochastic Geometry for Wireless Networks, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139043816"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingman, J.F.C. (1992). Poisson Processes, Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198536932.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2011.100411.100541","article-title":"A tractable approach to coverage and rate in cellular networks","volume":"59","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, M., Kwak, H., Rodriguez, P., Ahn, Y.-Y., and Moon, S. (2007, January 24\u201326). I tube, you tube, everybody tubes: Analyzing the world\u2019s largest user generated content video system. Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Conference Internet Measurement (IMC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1298306.1298309"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Havil, J. (2003). Gamma: Exploring Euler\u2019s Constant, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2447277","article-title":"Video popularity dynamics and its implication for replication","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Zhou, Y., and Chiu, D.M. (2014, January 4\u20137). A lifetime model of online video popularity. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2014.6911774"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Guha, S. (2016). Cellular-Assisted Vehicular Communications: A Stochastic Geometric Approach. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute State University]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zhang, N., Fang, X., Yang, P., and Shen, X.S. (2017, January 21\u201325). Cost-effective vehicular network planning with cache-enabled green roadside units. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996763"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1109\/18.59930","article-title":"Power-law shot noise","volume":"36","author":"Lowen","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1561\/1300000015","article-title":"Interference in Large Wireless Networks","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Haenggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Networking"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Stoyan, D., Kendall, W., and Mecke, J. (1996). Stochastic Geometry and Its Applications, John Wiley and Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-155-8_7","article-title":"Graph implementations for nonsmooth convex programs","volume":"Volume 371","author":"Blondel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Recent Advances in Learning and Control (Series Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences)"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Grant, M., Boyd, S., and Ye, Y. (2006). Disciplined convex programming. Global Optimization: From Theory to Implementation, Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rudin, W. (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6625\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1760178860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226625","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]}}}